Skip to main content

History Wars in Germany and Australia: National Museums and the Relegitimisation of Nationhood

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945

Abstract

This chapter examines the political controversies that surrounded the creation of national museums in Germany and Australia. Arguments about the content and raison d’être of these national museums played out within wider debates about the transcendence of nationalism and the future of the nation-state. Both museums became part of political projects that sought to “normalize” or “mainstream” nationhood, by simultaneously depoliticizing nationalism and thereby relegitimizing the nation and its past. By analyzing these debates through the lens of legitimacy, the chapter concludes that these museums were a form of state-sponsored history that sought to relegitimize their respective nations: nations in which critical understandings of the past had the potential to undermine the legitimacy of contemporary nationhood and nationalism.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 299.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 379.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

DHM:

Deutsches Historisches Museum

HGBD:

Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland

NMA:

National Museum of Australia

References

  • Alexander, J. (2012) Trauma. A Social Theory (Cambridge: Polity).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, B. (1991) [1983] Imagined Communities. Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. (Rev. ed. London: Verso).

    Google Scholar 

  • Augstein, R., et al. (1993) [1987] Forever in the shadow of Hitler? Original documents of the Historikerstreit, the controversy concerning the singularity of the Holocaust (Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bendle, M. (2009) ‘History Wars and the Holocaust’, Quadrant. http://quadrant.org.au/opinion/history-wars/2009/10/history-wars-and-the-holocaust/. Accessed 23 May 2016.

  • Billig, M. (1995) Banal Nationalism (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blainey, G. (1994) A Shorter History of Australia (Milson’s Point: Mandarin).

    Google Scholar 

  • Blainey, G. (1993) ‘Drawing Up a Balance Sheet of our History’, Quadrant, 37(7–8), 10-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonnel, A. and Crotty, M. (2004) ‘An Australian “Historikerstreit”? Review Article’, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 50(3), 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curthoys, A. (2003) ‘Constructing National Histories’ in B. Attwood and S. Foster (eds.) Frontier Conflict. The Australian Experience (Canberra: National Museum of Australia), pp. 185–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, G. (2001) ‘National Museums in a Global Age. Observations Abroad and Reflections at Home’ in D. McIntyre and K. Wehner (eds.) National Museums. Negotiating Histories (Canberra: National Museum of Australia), pp. 12–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delius, E. (1990) Bismarck. Preussen, Deutschland und Europa (Berlin: Nicolai).

    Google Scholar 

  • Der Spiegel (1970) ‘Kniefall angemessen oder übertrieben?’ 14 December.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edensor, T. (2002) National Identity, Popular Culture and Everyday Life (Oxford: Berg).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F. (1961) Griff nach der Weltmacht. Die Kriegszielpolitik des kaiserlichen Deutschland 1914–1918 (Düsseldorf: Droste).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geschichtswerkstatt Berlin (ed.) (1987) Die Nation als Ausstellungsstück (Hamburg: VSA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1986) ‘Eine Art Schadensabwicklung’, Die Zeit, 11 July.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1987) Eine Art Schadensabwicklung (Frankfurt a. M: Suhrkamp).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, G. (2005) ‘Telling the Australian Story at the National Museum of Australia’, History Australia, 2(3), 90.1–90.9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haus der Geschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland [HGBD] (1991) Einstellungen. Kritik. Kontroversen. Konsens (Bonn: Stiftung Haus der Geschichte).

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. (2006) ‘A Sense of Balance. The Australian Achievement in 2006’, 25 January, http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2FAZVI6%22. Accessed on 31 January 2006.

  • Hutchinson, J. (2005) Nations as Zones of Conflict (London: Sage).

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, R. (2007) Reagan at Bergen-Belsen and Bitburg (College Station: Texas A&M University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Keating, P. (1993) [1992] ‘Speech by the Honourable Prime Minister, PJ Keating MP. Australian Launch of the International Year for the World’s Indigenous People, 10 December 1992’, Aboriginal Law Bulletin, 3(61), 4–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohl, H. (1983) ‘Regierungserklärung von Bundeskanzler Dr. Helmut Kohl in der 4. Sitzung des Deutschen Bundestages’, 4 May, http://www.helmut-kohl-kas.de/index.php?msg=1948. Accessed 25 May 2016.

  • Kohl, H. (1984) ‘Ansprache in der Knesset am 25. Januar 1984’, Bulletin Nr. 13, Bonn: BPA, 2 February.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohl. H. (1982) ‘Regierungserklärung von Bundeskanzler Kohl in der 121. Sitzung des Deutschen Bundestages’, 13 October, http://helmut-kohl.kas.de/index.php?msg=1934. Accessed 25 May 2016.

  • Lynch, B. (2016) ‘Challenging Ourselves. Uncomfortable Histories and Current Museum Practices’ in J. Kid (ed.) Challenging History in the Museum (Oxford: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • MacIntyre, S. and Clark, A. (2004) The History Wars (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier, C. (1988) The Unmasterable Past. History, Holocaust and German National Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • McKenna, M. (2002) Looking for Blackfellas Point. An Australian History of Place (Sydney: UNSW Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, D. (2001) ‘Coming to Terms with the Genocidal Pasts in Comparative Perspective. Germany and Australia’, Aboriginal History, 25, 91–115.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moses, J. (1975) The Politics of Illusion. The Fischer Controversy in German Historiography (London: Prior).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolte, E. (1986) ‘Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will’, Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung, 6 June.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hohls, R. and Jarausch, K. (eds.) (2000) Versäumte Fragen. Deutsche Historiker im Schatten des Nationalsozialismus (Stuttgart: DVA).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H. (1981) The Other Side of the Frontier: Aboriginal Resistance to the European Invasion of Australia (Sydney: UNSW Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, H. (1999) Why Weren’t We Told? A Personal Search for the Truth About Our History (Ringwood: Viking).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rüsen, J. (1994) ‘Was ist Geschichtskultur? Überlegungen zu einer neuen Art, über Geschichte nachzudenken’ in J. Rüsen, T. Grütter and K. Füßmann (eds.) Historische Faszination. Geschichtskultur heute (Cologne: Böhlau), pp. 3–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stölz, C. (1988) Deutsches Historisches Museum. Ideen–Kontroversen–Perspektiven. (Berlin: Propyläen Verlag).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stürmer, M. (1986) ‘Geschichte im geschichtslosen Land’, Frankfurter Allgemeiner Zeitung, 25 April.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sumartojo, S. (2013) Trafalgar Square. Narrating Britishness, 1906–2012 (Bern: Peter Lang).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellings, B. (2014) ‘Lest You Forget. Memory and Australian Nationalism in a Global Era’ in S. Sumartojo and B. Wellings (eds.) Nation, Memory and Great War Commemoration. Mobilizing the Past in Europe, Australia and New Zealand (Bern: Peter Lang).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wicke, C. (2015) Helmut Kohl’s Quest for Normality. His Representation of the German Nation and Himself (New York: Berghahn).

    Google Scholar 

  • Windschuttle, K. (2000) ‘The Myths of Frontier Massacres in Australian History Part I: The Invention of Massacre Stories’, Quadrant, October, 8–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windschuttle, K. (2001) ‘How Not to Run a Museum’, Quadrant, September, 11–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windschuttle, K. (2002) The Fabrication of Aboriginal History. Volume One: Van Diemen’s Land, 1803–47 (Sydney: Macleay Press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2018 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wicke, C., Wellings, B. (2018). History Wars in Germany and Australia: National Museums and the Relegitimisation of Nationhood. In: Bevernage, B., Wouters, N. (eds) The Palgrave Handbook of State-Sponsored History After 1945. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_23

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95306-6_23

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95305-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95306-6

  • eBook Packages: HistoryHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics