Abstract
In the first decade of the new millennium, circular and temporary labour migration trends reached a climax in Europe, as an increasing number of migrants began to engage in more fluid forms of mobility (Castles et al. 2014). The European Union (EU) offered numerous new job opportunities and enhanced migrants’ abilities to engage in temporary circulation, particularly following its enlargement to include Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, in 2004 and 2007 (Glorius et al. 2013). Fassmann et al. (2014) calculated that, by 2011, almost 5 million citizens from CEE countries were living in the ‘old EU’. Furthermore, 2011 Polish census data revealed that over two million Poles resided abroad for at least 3 months (Gozdziak 2014, p. 1).
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Grabowska, I. (2016). Migration in Working Lives: Looking Back after Return; a Structure and Agency Approach. In: Nadler, R., Kovács, Z., Glorius, B., Lang, T. (eds) Return Migration and Regional Development in Europe. New Geographies of Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57509-8_4
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