Abstract
Referring to the Red Scare, the fear of communism creeping into Western democracies (Skoll and Korstanje 2013), the term ‘Green Scare’ has been coined to describe the perceived threat posed by environmental activists (Potter 2009). A range of repressive legislation has been passed against various environmental activists with the term eco-terrorist appearing in the public lexicon in 1983 and some states going as far as to employ anti-terrorist legislation against environmental activists (Elefsen 2012). This chapter explores whether the political ‘violence’ used by radical environmental activists can legitimately be defined as terrorism, or whether this term is inappropriately used to widen the net of social control (Cohen 1985), protecting the interests of neoliberal markets against environmental activism. Arguably, the term ‘terrorism’ loses its true meaning if used by the state and policing agencies as an umbrella term for everyone pursuing political dissent. Accordingly, the vilification of environmental activists warrants further attention. This chapter underlines that through propaganda and smear campaigns in the USA, corporations and their partners nurture the War on Terror to instil fear about this new ‘bogeyman’—the environmental activist. Their goal is to silence opposition and intimidate potential critics to protect economic interests and preserve the functioning of neoliberal markets irrespective of their associated environmental harms (Lynch and Stretsky 2014). We can indeed witness the complicity of law enforcement agencies through their ubiquitous use of surveillance which erodes civil liberties. One may wonder if this is a new era of repressive social control.
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Notes
- 1.
Grassroots movement or groups refers to smaller local groups that are decentralised with limited members and financial resources.
- 2.
Sagebrush Rebellion was a political movement aimed at influencing the environmental policy of use of Western federal lands during the 1970s and 1980s where the US Federal government owns roughly 60% of land. The Sagebrush Rebels sought to work around restrictive environmental laws for mining, ranching, and with real estate development.
- 3.
The ELF was founded by Earth First! members in Brighton, England, in 1992, to pursue ecosabotage as a tactic.
- 4.
Animal Liberation Front.
- 5.
Riggs, for example, claimed before the committee that communities were ‘under outright siege by the most militant, extreme and I would say fringe elements of the environmental movement’ and that activists put the environment before or above the lives (and livelihoods) of people and families and communities despite a lack of evidence of threat to life.
- 6.
The prosecution presented a 30-page sentencing memorandum quoting Kaczynski’s own writings (Taylor, 1998).
- 7.
The UN has many reports on corruption affecting environmental crimes.
- 8.
On 15 April 2013, two bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, causing 3 deaths and injuring over 170 people.
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Sauvant, A., Fitzgibbon, W., Nurse, A. (2016). Be Afraid, Be Very Afraid of … the Environmental Activist? Ideological War, Coercive Justice, and Orwellian Dystopia. In: Potter, G., Nurse, A., Hall, M. (eds) The Geography of Environmental Crime. Palgrave Studies in Green Criminology. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-53843-7_4
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