Abstract
Tawhai provides a thorough and much needed examination of the notions of Indigenous peoples and indigeneity as expressed through international instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The chapter critically explores the tensions these notions cause for considerations of citizenship and social justice, particularly within the contexts of indigenous-colonizer/settler relations, and examines the implications for citizenship and social justice education. The chapter locates Indigenous peoples’ struggles for social justice as arising from experiences of oppression, discrimination, and displacement of lands and of our political power. While states have, to an extent, engaged in addressing Indigenous peoples’ grievances as to the material outcomes of this displacement for our lived citizenship, there is a reluctance to address Indigenous communities as ‘peoples’ with rights to self-determination and political authority. Recognizing that the preparation of citizens to engage, debate and progress such reconciliation presents particular challenges for citizenship and social justice educators; this chapter offers some considerations in this regard – in particular, for curricula and pedagogy.
Ehara taku maunga i te maunga haere
He maunga tū tonu
Ko tōku kīngitanga
No tuawhakarere
No aku matua tipuna
He ihu tō mai no te Pō
(My mountain is not a moving mountain
It remains steadfast
My sovereign authority
Descends from time immemorial
From my ancestors
Drawn forth from the Great Night of Creation)—Te Kani a Takirau1
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Notes
- 1.
In 1985, by the Working Group on Indigenous Population (WGIP). See Economic and Social Council resolution 1982/34, Study of the problem of discrimination against indigenous population, E/RES/1982/34 (7 May 1982).
- 2.
In 1993. Now known as the Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights.
- 3.
In 1994.
- 4.
Known as the Working Group on the Draft Declaration (WGDD), in 1995.
- 5.
Tauli-Corpuz (2007a).
- 6.
Sucessor body of the UN Commission on Human Rights.
- 7.
Commonly referred to as the ‘Chair’s text’. Thanks are given to Tracey Whare, Aotearoa Indigenous Rights Trust, for her assistance with these terms when researching the background to the adoption of the UNDRIP.
- 8.
Peace Movement Aotearoa (2007: 1).
- 9.
Diaz and Whare (2006).
- 10.
Chavez (2009: 105).
- 11.
Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Committee.
- 12.
See Tauli-Corpuz (2007a), for an extensive description of the process leading up to the adoption of the UNDRIP by the UN General Assembly.
- 13.
See General Assembly resolution 61/295, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, A/RES/61/295 (13 September 2007).
- 14.
UN News Centre( 2007: para. 7).
- 15.
For an account of the votes, see General Assembly, United Nations (2007).
- 16.
- 17.
United Nations (2016).
- 18.
- 19.
- 20.
Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2009).
- 21.
- 22.
See, for example, United Nations University, Institute for Environment and Human Security (UNU-EHS) and United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) (2016).
- 23.
United Nations Development Programme (2016).
- 24.
Secretariat of the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (2015).
- 25.
For example, see Lawson-Te Aho (1998).
- 26.
- 27.
For example, a common indigenous proverb in Aotearoa New Zealand is Hokia koe ki o maunga tapu, kia purea e koe i nga hau o Tawhirimatea – Return to your sacred mountains so that you may be cleansed in the winds of Tawhirimatea.
- 28.
- 29.
What would become the United Nations, in 1946.
- 30.
See Tauli-Corpus (2007a).
- 31.
See the Abolition of Forced Labour Convention 1957 (No. 105), Minimum Age Convention 1973 (No. 138) and Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 1999 (No. 182).
- 32.
See the Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize 1948 (No. 87) and Right to Organize and Collective Bargaining 1949 (No. 98).
- 33.
See the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 2003.
- 34.
See the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination against Women 1979.
- 35.
See the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 1966.
- 36.
- 37.
For further commentary on the work of the WGIP to include Indigenous representatives against the norm of UN participation protcols, see the article written by the first WGIP Chair, Eide (2009).
- 38.
Again, see Economic and Social Council resolution 1982/34, Study of the problem of discrimination against indigenous population, E/RES/1982/34 (7 May 1982).
- 39.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2006).
- 40.
International Labour Organization (2013). This replaced the ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Populations 1957 (No. 107), and subsequently reflects the evolution of understanding about indigenous rights, the 1957 Convention being replaced by the 1989 Convention due to recognition that the 1957 version was assimilationist in nature.
- 41.
See General Assembly resolution 47/75, International Year of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, 1993 A/RES/47/75 (14 December 1992).
- 42.
See General Assembly resolution 48/163, International Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, 1993 A/RES/48/163 (21 December 1993).
- 43.
See General Assembly resolution 59/174, Second International Decade of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, A/RES/59/174 (24 February 2005).
- 44.
General Assembly resolution 59/174, p. 2.
- 45.
United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues (UNPFII) (2007).
- 46.
Initially called the ‘Special Rapporteur on the situations of the human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous peoples’, changed to ‘Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous peoples’ by Human Rights Council resolution 6/12, Human rights and indigenous peoples: Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people, RES/6/12 (28 September 2007).
- 47.
See Human Rights Council resolution 6/36, Expert mechanism on the rights of indigenous peoples, RES/6/36 (14 December 2007). This body replaced the original Working Group on Indigenous Populations.
- 48.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations 2013: 5.
- 49.
For a summary of these rights areas under the DRIP, see Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, United Nations (2013).
- 50.
United Nations (2008: 14).
- 51.
Between 25 % and 35 %.
- 52.
See Economic and Social Council report annex 1993/29, Discrimination against Indigenous peoples, Report of the working group on indigenous populations on its eleventh session, Annex 1, E/CN.4/Sub.2/1993/29 (23 August 1993).
- 53.
See United Nations (2008).
- 54.
See Maaka and Fleras (2005).
- 55.
O’Sullivan (2007: 7).
- 56.
Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues, Economic and Social Council, United Nations, agenda item report C.19/2016/5, System-wide action plan for ensuring coherent approach to achieving the ends of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, E/C.19/2016/5 (19 February 2016).
- 57.
- 58.
- 59.
International Fund for Agricultural Development (2009).
- 60.
Secretariat on the Convention on Biological Diversity (2004).
- 61.
United Nations Environment Programme (2010).
- 62.
The writing of this chapter is dedicated to a dear friend, Aaron J. Stewart (22 February 1981–4 April 2015) of the Tuhoe people who, taken far before his time, was an exemplar of how acceptance and celebration of difference could be joyous and lead to great peace.
- 63.
Thanks are given to elder Benjamin Diaz, from the Ngati Kahu, Ngapuhi people, for his translation of this proverb.
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Tawhai, V.M.H. (2016). Indigenous Peoples and Indigeneity. In: Peterson, A., Hattam, R., Zembylas, M., Arthur, J. (eds) The Palgrave International Handbook of Education for Citizenship and Social Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51507-0_5
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