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Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering

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Abstract

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) is a powerful technique that combines spectroscopy and inelastic scattering to probe the electronic structure of materials. RIXS is based on the interaction of X-rays with matter in which the dependence on energy, momentum and polarization is introduced. The RIXS spectra can be approximated as a combination of X-ray absorption and X-ray emission. A 2D RIXS plane can be measured as a function of excitation and emission energies. Using RIXS, collective excitations — such as magnons, phonons, plasmons and orbitons — can be probed in quantum materials, for example, cuprates, nickelates and iridates, with complex low-energy physics and exotic phenomena in energy and momentum space. In addition, RIXS with hard X-rays enables detailed experiments under operando conditions. Spectral broadening owing to short core hole lifetime can be reduced to produce X-ray absorption spectra with high resolution. This Primer gives an overview of RIXS experimentation, data analysis and applications, finishing with a look to the future, where new experimental stations at X-ray free electron lasers promise to revolutionize the understanding of femtosecond processes and non-linear interactions of X-rays with matter.

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Fig. 1: Electronic structure of a transition metal oxide.
Fig. 2: Graphical overviews of the resonant inelastic X-ray scattering processes of a transition metal oxide.
Fig. 3: Excitations in a 2p3d resonant inelastic X-ray scattering process.
Fig. 4: Overview of resonant inelastic X-ray scattering experiments on systems with an open 2p, 3d, 4d, 5d and 4f shell.
Fig. 5: Overview of the 1s2p resonant inelastic X-ray scattering map.
Fig. 6: Momentum dependence in cuprates.
Fig. 7: Magnetism applications.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diamond Light Source, Harwell Campus, Didcot, UK

    Frank M. F. de Groot & Ke-Jin Zhou

  2. Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands

    Frank M. F. de Groot

  3. Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany

    Maurits W. Haverkort

  4. Institute of Mineralogy, Physics of Materials and Cosmochemistry, CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

    Hebatalla Elnaggar & Amélie Juhin

  5. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France

    Pieter Glatzel

Authors
  1. Frank M. F. de Groot
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  2. Maurits W. Haverkort
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  3. Hebatalla Elnaggar
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  4. Amélie Juhin
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  5. Ke-Jin Zhou
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  6. Pieter Glatzel
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Contributions

Introduction (F.M.F.d.G., M.W.H., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Experimentation (F.M.F.d.G., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Results (F.M.F.d.G., M.W.H., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Applications (F.M.F.d.G., M.W.H., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Reproducibility and data deposition (F.M.F.d.G., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Limitations and optimizations (F.M.F.d.G., M.W.H., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); Outlook (F.M.F.d.G., M.W.H., H.E., A.J., K.-J.Z. and P.G.); overview of the Primer (all authors).

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Frank M. F. de Groot or Ke-Jin Zhou.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Peer review information

Nature Reviews Methods Primers thanks Myron Huzan, who co-reviewed with Michael Baker; Shiyu Fan, who co-reviewed with Jonathan Pelliciari; and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Related links

6-2a: https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/beam-lines/bl6-2a

15-2: https://www-ssrl.slac.stanford.edu/content/beam-lines/bl15-2

20-ID: https://www.aps.anl.gov/Spectroscopy/Beamlines/20-ID

41A: https://tpsbl.nsrrc.org.tw/bd_page.aspx?lang=en&port=41A&pid=1044

ADRESS: https://www.psi.ch/en/sls/adress

AMBER: https://als.lbl.gov/beamlines/6-0-1/

Beamline 8.0.1: https://als.lbl.gov/beamlines/8-0-1/

BL11XU: http://www.spring8.or.jp/wkg/BL11XU/instrument/lang-en

BL12XU: https://www.spring8.or.jp/wkg/BL12XU/instrument/lang-en/

BM20-ROBL: https://www.esrf.fr/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CRG/BM20

BM30-FAME: https://www.esrf.fr/home/UsersAndScience/Experiments/CRG/BM30.html

ChemRIXS qRIXS: https://lcls.slac.stanford.edu/instruments/neh-2-2

ESRF data policy: https://www.esrf.fr/datapolicy

FURKA: https://www.psi.ch/en/swissfel/furka

GALAXIES: https://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/en/beamlines/galaxies

hRIXS: https://www.xfel.eu/facility/instruments/scs/index_eng.html

I20: https://www.diamond.ac.uk/Instruments/Spectroscopy/I20.html

I21: https://www.diamond.ac.uk/Instruments/Magnetic-Materials/I21.html

ID20: https://www.esrf.fr/home/UsersAndScience/Experiments/EMD/ID20.html

ID26: https://www.esrf.fr/id26

ID32: https://www.esrf.fr/ID32

IPÊ: https://lnls.cnpem.br/grupos/ipe-en/

IRIXS: https://photon-science.desy.de/facilities/petra_iii/beamlines/p01_dynamics/

MARS: https://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/en/beamlines/mars

QERLIN: https://als.lbl.gov/beamlines/6-0-2/

REIXS: https://reixs.lightsource.ca/

SEXTANTS: https://www.synchrotron-soleil.fr/en/beamlines/sextants

SIX: https://www.bnl.gov/nsls2/beamlines/beamline.php?r=2-ID

SPECIES: https://www.maxiv.lu.se/beamlines-accelerators/beamlines/species/

SUPERXAS: https://www.psi.ch/en/sls/superxas

U41-PEAXIS: https://www.wayforlight.eu/beamline/26510

VERITAS: https://www.maxiv.lu.se/beamlines-accelerators/beamlines/veritas/

X-SPEC: https://www.ips.kit.edu/2786_6092.php

Supplementary information

Glossary

Brillouin zone

Primitive cell in reciprocal space that captures all unique wave vectors.

Core RIXS

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) involving the decay from a shallow core state to a deeper core state.

Direct RIXS

Decay of another electron after initial X-ray excitation.

Electron energy loss spectroscopy

(EELS). Experimental technique that measures the inelastic scattering of electrons.

Free electron lasers

Linear accelerators coupled to a long undulator yielding coherent X-ray pulses on femtosecond timescales.

High-energy resolution fluorescence detection

(HERFD). Detection of the X-ray emission with an ~100–500 meV fluorescence detector giving, in a first approximation, an X-ray absorption spectroscopy spectrum in which the lifetime broadening of the deep core hole is replaced by the lifetime broadening of a shallow core hole.

Indirect RIXS

Excitation and decay of the same electron with an electronic reorganization in the intermediate state.

Inelastic neutron scattering

(INS). Experimental technique that measures the inelastic scattering of neutrons.

Inelastic X-ray scattering

(IXS). The experimental technique that measures the inelastic scattering of X-rays away from a core resonance, also known as X-ray Raman scattering or non-resonant inelastic X-ray scattering.

Magnons

Collective excitation of the spin structure in a solid.

Orbitons

Collective excitation of the orbital configuration (dd excitation) in a solid.

Phonons

Collective excitation of vibration energy in a solid.

Plasmon

Collective charge excitation in a solid.

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering

(RIXS). The experimental technique that measures the inelastic scattering of X-rays over the energy range of an X-ray absorption spectrum.

Spinons

Collective excitation of a spin-1/2 quasiparticle.

Valence RIXS

Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) involving the decay from a valence state to a core state.

X-ray absorption spectroscopy

The experimental technique based on the excitation of a core electron by the absorption of X-ray, measured as a function of energy.

X-ray emission spectroscopy

The experimental technique based on the emission of an X-ray owing to the decay of an electron to fill a core hole.

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de Groot, F.M.F., Haverkort, M.W., Elnaggar, H. et al. Resonant inelastic X-ray scattering. Nat Rev Methods Primers 4, 45 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43586-024-00322-6

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