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Isotopic evidence against North Pacific Deep Water formation during late Pliocene warmth

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Abstract

Several modelling and observational studies suggest deep water formation in the subpolar North Pacific as a possible alternative mode of thermohaline circulation that occurred in the warm Pliocene, a time when global atmospheric partial pressure of carbon dioxide was like the modern atmosphere (~400 ppm). We test this hypothesis by measuring the δ13C of the benthic foraminifer Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi collected from northernmost Pacific mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (3.264–3.025 Myr ago) sediments. The data reveal progressively more isotopically negative dissolved inorganic carbon along a northward Equator-to-pole transect, the opposite of the expected Pliocene Pacific meridional overturning circulation signal. C. wuellerstorfi δ13C is also often more positive at the deeper Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) site 887 compared with the shallower ODP site 883, suggesting ‘bottom-up’ ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean. We then present alkenone sea surface temperature and export-productivity data from ODP site 883, which suggest that late Pliocene subarctic North Pacific carbonate sedimentation was, at least in part, probably due to higher coccolithophore export production, rather than North Pacific Deep Water formation as previously argued. Therefore, we suggest it is unlikely that North Pacific Deep Water formation occurred in the mid-Piacenzian Warm Period, although a shallower overturning cell cannot be ruled out.

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Fig. 1: PMOC did not influence water masses at or below ~2,200 m water depth.
Fig. 2: Tracing late Pliocene ocean carbon storage with stable carbon isotopes.
Fig. 3: The difference between late Pliocene deep Atlantic and deep Pacific δ13CDIC tracks benthic foraminiferal δ18O.
Fig. 4: Enhanced late Pliocene surface carbonate productivity as a driver of carbonate sedimentation.

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Data availability

All data from sites 883 and 887, calculations, new age models and composite sections generated for this paper are available in Supplementary Data 1. All data are available via PANGAEA at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.967342 (ref. 73) and via figshare at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25066535 (ref. 74). References to published C. wuellerstorfi stable isotope datasets are available in Supplementary Table 2. Source data are provided with this paper.

Code availability

Example code to implement our bootstrapping technique is available as Supplementary Code 1. All figures with maps (Figs. 1a and 2a, and Supplementary Fig. 3a) were generated with the M_Map package in MATLAB49.

Change history

  • 13 August 2024

    In the version of this article initially published, the Extended Data Fig. 1 legend featured some obsolete figure description which is now removed from the HTML and PDF versions of the article.

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Acknowledgements

We thank A. Tzanova, A. Martin, K. Zimmerman and S. Clemens for their support analysing samples at Brown University. We thank B. Dreyer for support analysing samples in the Marine Analytical Laboratory at the University of California, Santa Cruz. We thank N. J. Burls for providing the model output from ref. 6. J.B.N. thanks K. Delong, A. C. Ravelo, P. J. Polissar, K. Thirumalai and J. T. Abell for helpful discussions and guidance on North Pacific palaeoceanography and stratigraphic correlation. J.B.N. thanks P. Daniel for coding support. R.P.C.-G. thanks the GeoLatinas impetu community for co-working and co-writing support. This research used samples and data provided by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP). This work was funded by the National Science Foundation through grants 1545859 (T.D.H.), 1459280 (T.D.H.) and 1602331 (T.D.H.) and the US Geological Survey Climate R&D Program (H.J.D.). Any use of trade, firm or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply the endorsement of the US Government.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Joseph B. Novak, Rocío P. Caballero-Gill, Rebecca M. Rose & Timothy D. Herbert

  2. Ocean Sciences Department, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

    Joseph B. Novak

  3. Department of Atmospheric, Oceanic and Earth Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

    Rocío P. Caballero-Gill

  4. Department of Geography and Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA

    Rebecca M. Rose

  5. US Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA, USA

    Harry J. Dowsett

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Contributions

J.B.N. wrote the original manuscript. J.B.N., R.P.C.-G., R.M.R., T.D.H. and H.J.D. edited and refined the final paper draft. R.P.C.-G., R.M.R. and J.B.N. conducted sample analyses. J.B.N., R.P.C.-G. and T.D.H. collectively worked on the stratigraphy and age model. J.B.N. analysed the data and compiled published datasets. T.D.H. was the principal investigator. R.P.C.-G., T.D.H. and H.J.D. designed the experiment. T.D.H. and H.J.D. procured the funding that supported this project.

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Correspondence to Joseph B. Novak.

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Nature Geoscience thanks William Gray, Patrick Rafter, Hongrui Zhang and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Primary Handling Editors: Alireza Bahadori and James Super, in collaboration with the Nature Geoscience team.

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Extended data

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Text 1.1–1.4, Figs. 1–9 and Tables 1 and 2.

Supplementary Code 1

Example code for the random resampling technique used to estimate uncertainty in our deep ocean δ13CDIC stacks.

Supplementary Data 1

All new and compiled data associated with the paper, including splice tables, age models and additional notes on their use.

Source data

Source Data 1

Western North Pacific benthic stable carbon isotope data and core-top anomalies.

Source Data 2

Benthic stable carbon isotope data compiled from 23 DSDP/ODP/IODP drill sites.

Source Data 3

Estimated deep Pacific and deep Atlantic δ13CDIC and Δδ13CDIC.

Source Data 4

Alkenone and calcium carbonate mass accumulation rate data from ODP 883. Biogenic opal and calcium carbonate mass accumulation rate data from ODP 882. C. wuellerstorfi B/Ca-inferred Δ[CO32−] from IODP U1489. Alkenone SSTs from ODP 883 and 882.

Source Data 5

Benthic stable carbon isotope data from the western and eastern North Pacific.

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Novak, J.B., Caballero-Gill, R.P., Rose, R.M. et al. Isotopic evidence against North Pacific Deep Water formation during late Pliocene warmth. Nat. Geosci. 17, 795–802 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-024-01500-7

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