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Stereoselective and site-divergent synthesis of C-glycosides

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Abstract

Carbohydrates play important roles in medicinal chemistry and biochemistry. However, their synthesis relies on specially designed glycosyl donors, which are often unstable and require multi-step synthesis. Furthermore, the catalytic and stereoselective installation of arylated quaternary stereocentres on sugar rings remains a formidable challenge. Here we report a facile and versatile method for the synthesis of diverse C–R (where R is an aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, alkynyl or alkyl) glycosides from readily available and bench-stable 1-deoxyglycosides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions and exhibits high stereoselectivity across a broad range of glycosyl units. This protocol can be used to synthesize challenging 2-deoxyglycosides, unprotected glycosides, non-classical glycosides and deuterated glycosides. We further developed the catalyst-controlled site-divergent functionalization of carbohydrates for the synthesis of various unexplored carbohydrates containing arylated quaternary stereocentres that are inaccessible by existing methods. The synthetic utility of this strategy is further demonstrated in the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant molecules and carbohydrates.

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Fig. 1: The significance of glycosides and their synthesis strategies.
Fig. 2: Four-pronged stereoselective synthesis of C-glycosides and mechanistic investigations.
Fig. 3: Design of site-divergent editing of sugars.
Fig. 4: Mechanistic studies.
Fig. 5: Applications in the synthesis of biologically active natural products and C-glycosides.

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Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available within the Article and its Supplementary Information files. Crystallographic data for the structures reported in this article have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, under deposition numbers CCDC 2262193 (14), 2292208 (23), 2251328 (60), 2235883 (72), 2292209 (79) and 2251329 (107). Copies of the data can be obtained free of charge via https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/.

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Acknowledgements

This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22171215 to W.K., 22301225 to Y.P. and 22201222 to Q.X.), the Cultivation Program of Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology (GHY2023KF007 to W.K.), the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFA1505100 and 2023YFA1508600 to Q.X.), Hubei Provincial Outstanding Youth Fund (2022CFA092 to W.K.), Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2023AFB034 to Y.P.) and GuangDong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2022A1515010246 to W.K. and 2022A1515110113 to Y.P.). We acknowledge the Core Facility of Wuhan University for X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. X.Q. acknowledges the supercomputing system in the Supercomputing Center of Wuhan University.

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Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally: Sheng Xu, Yuanyuan Ping.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Sheng Xu, Yuanyuan Ping, Yang Ke, Rui Miao & Wangqing Kong

  2. State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

    Minghao Xu, Guozhen Wu & Xiaotian Qi

  3. Wuhan Institute of Photochemistry and Technology, Wuhan, China

    Wangqing Kong

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  1. Sheng Xu
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Contributions

W.K. conceived and directed this project. S.X., Y.P., Y.K. and R.M. conducted the experimental investigations. M.X., G.W. and X.Q. performed the DFT calculations. S.X. and Y.P. analysed and interpreted the experimental data. W.K. and X.Q. wrote the manuscript with feedback from other authors. All authors contributed to discussions. S.X. and Y.P. contributed equally.

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Correspondence to Xiaotian Qi or Wangqing Kong.

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Nature Chemistry thanks Markus Kärkäs and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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Extended data

Extended Data Fig. 1 Computational studies of the ligand-controlled site-selective sugar arylation with aryl bromide.

a, Free energy profile of Ni(0)-catalyzed sugar arylation with ligand DTBPy (L1). b, Free energy profile of Ni(0)-catalyzed sugar arylation with ligand TBTPy (L2). Black path denotes the reaction of 2º radical 56 and the gray path denotes the reaction of 3º radical 57. See Supplementary Fig. 51 for full free energy profile of Ni(0)/L2-catalyzed sugar arylation with 3º radical 57. All energies were calculated at M06/6-311+G(d,p)–SDD/SMD(acetonitrile)//B3LYP-D3(BJ)/6-31G(d)–LANL2DZ level of theory.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

Supplementary Tables 1–44, Figs. 1–131, optimization studies, experimental procedures, product characterization and X-ray crystallographic analysis.

Supplementary Data 1

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.

Supplementary Data 2

Crystallographic data for compound 14, CCDC reference 2262193.

Supplementary Data 3

Crystallographic data for compound 23, CCDC reference 2292208.

Supplementary Data 4

Crystallographic data for compound 60, CCDC reference 2251328.

Supplementary Data 5

Crystallographic data for compound 72, CCDC reference 2235883.

Supplementary Data 6

Crystallographic data for compound 79, CCDC reference 2292209.

Supplementary Data 7

Crystallographic data for compound 107, CCDC reference 2251329.

Supplementary Data 8

Computational details.

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Xu, S., Ping, Y., Xu, M. et al. Stereoselective and site-divergent synthesis of C-glycosides. Nat. Chem. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01629-3

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