Abstract
Superconductivity is a quantum phenomenon arising, in its simplest form, from the pairing of fermions with opposite spin into a state with zero net momentum. Whether superconductivity can occur in fermionic systems with an unequal number of two species distinguished by spin or flavour presents an important open question in condensed-matter physics or quantum chromodynamics1. In condensed matter the imbalance between spin-up and spin-down electrons that form the Cooper pairs is induced by the magnetic field. Such an imbalanced system can lead to exotic superconductivity in which pairs acquire finite momentum2,3. This momentum leads to a spatially inhomogeneous state consisting of periodically alternating ‘normal’ and ‘superconducting’ regions. Here, we establish that the hallmark of this state is the appearance of spatially localized and spin-polarized quasiparticles forming the so-called Andreev bound states (ABS). These are detected through our nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements.
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Main
The Fulde–Ferrell–Larkin–Ovchinnikov (FFLO) phase is expected to occur in the vicinity of the upper critical magnetic field (Hc2) when Pauli pair breaking dominates over orbital (vortex) effects2,3,4,5. Pauli pair breaking prevails in fields that exceed the Pauli limit (Hp) for which the Zeeman energy is strong enough to break the Cooper pair by flipping one spin of the singlet. Intense efforts have been invested to search for indisputable evidence for the existence of the FFLO states. Examples include a theoretical proposal for detecting modulated superfluid phases in optical lattices6; tunnelling in superconducting (SC) films7; mapping of the phase diagram of CeCoIn5 (refs 8, 9), and studies of layered organic superconductors10,11,12,13. However, clear microscopic evidence for an FFLO phase is still missing. In the FFLO state, in the vicinity of the transition from the SC to FFLO state, nodes in the order parameter form the domain walls, where the superconducting phase changes by π. This phase twist leads to a local modification of the electronic density of states (DOS) and the creation of new topological ABS (ref. 14), the observation of which we report here.
Besides CeCoIn5, where a putative FFLO state coexists with long-range magnetism, the organic compound, κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2 (hereafter referred to as κ-(ET)2X) exhibits the clearest thermodynamic evidence for the existence of a narrow intermediate SC phase11. Because this SC phase is stabilized in magnetic fields (H) that exceed the Pauli limit, Hp ≍ 20.7 T (ref. 15), as illustrated in Fig. 1, it has been identified as an FFLO phase. Recent measurements of NMR spectra gave evidence that the phase transition within the SC state is Zeeman-driven16, but failed to provide a clear hallmark of the FFLO state. Our main discovery is that the NMR spin–lattice relaxation rate (T1−1) becomes significantly enhanced, as compared to its normal-state value, in the SC state for fields exceeding Hp. We deduce that the enhancement stems from the ABS of polarized quasiparticles spatially localized in the nodes of the order parameter in an FFLO state. Furthermore, we reveal that these topological ABS are profoundly different from the sub-gap states found in vortex cores, as they are shifted in energy away from the Fermi level by an amount controlled by the magnetic field.
We first examine the NMR spectral lineshapes in different regimes at 22 T, shown in the inset to Fig. 2, to demonstrate the sensitivity of our measurements to different superconducting phases in this compound. These 13C NMR spectra reflect the distribution of the hyperfine fields and are thus a sensitive probe of the electronic spin polarization16,17,18. In the normal state at 10.9 K the spectrum is relatively broad and exhibits multiple peaks corresponding to inequivalent 13C spin-labelled sites17,19,20. At 1.4 K, deep in the superconducting state, the spectrum is significantly narrower than in the normal state. This narrowing is due to the decrease of the average electronic spin polarization in the superconducting state with singlet pairing, which in turn reduces the splitting between the lines corresponding to distinct carbon sites. At 2.6 K, in the putative FFLO state, the spectrum is narrower than in the normal state yet wider than deep in the superconducting state. This indicates that the sample is indeed in the SC state at this temperature and that the DOS at the Fermi energy (EF) is suppressed below Tc. Thus, whatever the nature of the high-field superconducting state is, its DOS at EF (averaged over the sample volume) is suppressed as compared to the normal state.
The temperature dependence of (T1T)−1 measured at various magnetic fields, applied in the conducting planes, is plotted in Fig. 2. In the normal state (T1T)−1 is constant, indicating that the DOS in the vicinity of EF is constant (Supplementary Information)21. At 27 T, (T1T)−1 remains nearly constant within the error bars, which implies that the sample remains in the normal state down to the lowest temperature (1.3 K) that we investigated. At 15 T, the rate decreases below Tc ≍ 8 K, evidencing formation of the singlet SC state. At an intermediate field of 22 T, the sample remains in the normal state down to Tc ≍ 3 K. Below Tc, (T1T)−1 increases sharply to nearly twice the normal-state value, reaching a maximum in the vicinity of 2 K.
The magnetic field dependence of (T1T)−1 at various temperatures is plotted in Fig. 3. In the normal state above 25 T, (T1T)−1 is independent of both field and temperature. Below 21 T, (T1T)−1 is suppressed under its normal-state value owing to the formation of singlet superconductivity. The enhancement of (T1T)−1 is observed for the intermediate field values from 21 to 24 T. The observed enhancement of (T1T)−1 is stunning because it appears in the SC state only in fields exceeding Hp and where spectral measurements indicate suppression of the DOS at the EF, as shown in the inset to Fig. 2 and Fig. 4.
An important question is whether the observed enhancement of (T1T)−1 in a SC state can be explained by more ‘standard’ mechanisms amplifying the NMR relaxation in a SC state, for example, due to vortices. In the following we show that such mechanisms can be readily discarded (see also Supplementary Information). Vortices can provide two relaxation channels: one due to quasiparticles in vortex cores and the other from field fluctuations induced by vortex motion. Our measurements have been carried out for the applied field being precisely parallel to the conducting planes, as identified by the minimum in T1−1 (Methods and Supplementary Information). This minimum implies that only Josephson-like vortices exist; these ‘coreless’ vortices22 contain no quasiparticles and thus do not contribute to T1−1 (refs 18, 23). As a matter of fact, it was shown that in this ‘coreless’ vortex state T1−1 contains only a small background contribution18,23, which corresponds to that measured in our experiment at 15 T at lowest temperatures deep in the superconducting state, and is nearly ten times smaller than T1−1 measured in 22 T. As for the vortex motion, the Josephson vortices are formed in the insulating layers and, strictly speaking, magnetic flux lines do not penetrate the SC layers24. Thus, even though these vortices are only weakly pinned25, their motion should not significantly contribute to the 13C T1−1 rate, dominated by the hyperfine coupling to the electronic degrees of freedom of the SC planes24 (Supplementary Information).
In the absence of magnetic correlation, the NMR relaxation rate is given by
where N↓ and N↑ denote the densities of up- and down-spin states and f(ɛ) is the Fermi occupation function. That is, (T1T)−1 is proportional to the square of the DOS integrated over energy ɛ in a range of the order of kBT around EF selected by the Fermi function. This implies that in a SC state with the nodes in the gap, at low temperature only the DOS in the regions around the nodes contributes to the relaxation rate. For energies less than half of the gap magnitude, the DOS near the nodes depends linearly on quasiparticle excitation energy, leading to well-known T2 dependence of the (T1T)−1, illustrated in Fig. 2. This decrease of (T1T)−1 with decreasing temperature in the SC state is a direct consequence of the lack of low-energy features in the DOS. A more complex temperature dependence of the relaxation rate, such as that observed in fields above Hp ≍ 21 T, can be generated by a peak-like structure in the DOS at low energies around EF. The question remains as to what gives rise to such DOS features (that is bound states). The bound states can form only in regions where the SC order parameter is suppressed. As the presence of vortex cores in our experiment was excluded, the ABS formed near the zeros of the FFLO order parameter14,26,27,28,29 provide a natural explanation. In fact, a sharp peak-like structure around EF is predicted in the FFLO state in the vicinity of the transition from the SC to the FFLO state, where nodes in the order parameter form the domain walls14, as illustrated in Fig. 5c. The qualitative temperature dependence of (T1T)−1 arising from such sub-gap bound states is shown in Fig. 5d. Evidently, it is in sharp contrast to previously discussed standard behaviour for a d-wave SC state at lower fields.
To emphasize our main finding that the observed enhancement of (T1T)−1 in the high-field superconducting state indicates the presence of the ABS formed near the zeros of the FFLO order parameter, in Fig. 4 we plot the square root of the second moment of the lineshape, as a quantitative measure of the width of inhomogeneous spectra, together with the (T1T)−1 data. It is evident that the onset of the (T1T)−1 enhancement is concurrent with the spectral line narrowing generated by the decreasing electronic spin polarization (and, thus, the DOS at EF) in the SC state. That is, both the DOS at EF and the average spin polarization are lower than in the normal state. Thus, the (T1T)−1 enhancement over the normal-state value is to be assigned exclusively to quasiparticle bound states located away from EF. Such bound states shifted away from EF, forming in applied fields exceeding Hp, are the hallmark of an FFLO state14. Because these states are localized in the real space in the nodal region, they occupy a small fraction—of the order of several per cent of the total sample volume (as sketched in Fig. 5b); even if they were to produce a finite DOS at EF, they would not contribute to any significant broadening or shift of the NMR spectra, which reflect the average over the entire sample. However, such a localized DOS can affect the global NMR rate as a result of either nuclear spin diffusion, ‘transferring’ the effect from nuclei spatially localized in the nodes to those far outside as well, or motion of the nodal planes in which bound states of polarized quasiparticles are localized (Supplementary Information).
The increasing (T1T)−1 with decreasing temperature is a direct consequence of the appearance of the sharp (compared to kBT) bound states located away from EF. The energy position and width of these bound states is set by the applied field, as described in detail in Methods. At a given field, the only effect of temperature on (T1T)−1 is to vary the range ɛ ≃ kBT around EF over which the square of the DOS is averaged in equation (1). Thus, on lowering temperature in the FFLO state at fixed field, (T1T)−1 first increases as the bound states are created just below Tc. For temperatures below which the bound state DOS energy exceeds ɛ, (T1T)−1 will decrease. This is in qualitative agreement with the observed temperature dependence of (T1T)−1 at 22 T, in the FFLO state, plotted in Fig. 2 (Methods).
Methods
Sample & NMR methods.
Experiments were performed on high-quality κ-(ET)2X single crystals, grown by an electrolytic method30. The most suitable nucleus for our NMR study is 13C. As it has a low natural abundance, we used samples selectively enriched with 13C on the site that is the most sensitive to electronic degrees of freedom. Such sites are located on the central C–C pair that bears the largest spin density in the molecule17. We used samples with 100% 13C-enriched pairs, giving rise to eight NMR inequivalent sites. The sample, placed inside the radio-frequency NMR coil, was oriented by an accurate mechanical goniometer. As the field must be applied strictly parallel to the conducting planes with a precision better than 1.4° for the possible FFLO phase to be stabilized12, a sharp minimum in the T1−1 was used as sensitive in situ signature of the precise alignment of the field within the conduction planes23 (see also Supplementary Information). That is, when the field is exactly aligned along the conducting planes only Josephson-type vortices can form. In the core of such vortices quasiparticles are depleted, leading to a significant suppression of T1−1 (refs 18, 23).
The measurements were done at the LNCMI in Grenoble, using a superconducting magnet for H = 15 T and a resistive magnet at higher fields. The temperature control was provided by a 4He variable temperature insert. The NMR data were recorded using a state-of-the-art laboratory-made NMR spectrometer. T1−1 was measured by the saturation-recovery method: following the saturation of nuclear magnetization obtained by applying a train of π/2 pulses equally spaced by a time t ≥ T2, the signal was detected after a variable delay time using a standard spin-echo sequence (π/2 − τ − π).
Tc determination.
Tc was identified by examining the NMR spectral shapes and shifts, and the tuning resonance of the NMR tank circuit.
Field dependence of (T1T)−1.
Compared to the temperature dependence of (T1T)−1, a quantitative explanation and comparison of the field dependence is more difficult as the effect of the field is twofold. In addition to shifting the bound states away from EF, the applied field controls the sharpness of these states (as depicted in Fig. 5c). That is, as the field increases and more nodal planes are introduced, bound states broaden in energy as a consequence of hybridization of the energy levels corresponding to the adjacent planes. As a result, the sharp bound state for a single domain wall (formed near the transition from the SC state) broadens and thus fills the low-energy region below the maximum gap. At a given temperature, it is the interplay of the broadening and the peak energy of the bound states, both controlled by the field, that determines the field value at which the peak in (T1T)−1 is observed.
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Acknowledgements
We would like to thank A. Vorontsov, Y. Yanase and M. Sigrist for illuminating discussions, and I. Sheikin for providing raw data for the phase diagram. This research is supported by funds from the French ANR grant 06-BLAN-0111, the EuroMagNET II network under EU Contract No. 228043, the visiting faculty program of Université Joseph Fourier (V.F.M.), and ADVANCE HRD-0548311 (V.F.M.).
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K.M. and K.K. prepared the samples. H.M., S.K., K.M. and V.F.M. performed the experiments. S.K. and M.H. developed and operated the high-field NMR facility. H.M. created software for the spectrometers. H.M. and V.F.M. analysed the data. C.B. provided conceptual advice and contributed to the planning of the project. H.M., C.B., M.H. and V.F.M. developed the data interpretation. V.F.M. wrote the paper and supervised the project. All authors discussed the results and commented on and edited the manuscript.
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Mayaffre, H., Krämer, S., Horvatić, M. et al. Evidence of Andreev bound states as a hallmark of the FFLO phase in κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2. Nature Phys 10, 928–932 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3121
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys3121
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