Abstract
Researchers recommended geosynthetics material to enhance the performance of paved and unpaved roads, especially those constructed on weak subgrades. There are two types of geosynthetic that most widely used in pavement systems which are geogrids and geotextiles. This study focuses on two primary objectives. First, examining the impact of geogrid (Tensar SS) when reinforcing conventional flexible pavements constructed on subgrade. The second confirms the most optimal location for integrating a pavement system with geogrid. To quantify the effectiveness of a geogrid in flexible pavements structure, 3D finite element simulation was conducted using thick base pavement structure. In order to identify the best location for the installation of geogrid in pavements, two different geogrid locations were implemented. A constant loading condition was applied while the geogrid locations were varied in the proposed pavement structures. This process exposed the effect of geogrid in pavement performance such as the reduction of longitudinal and transverse shear deformation in unbound layers. This study has identified two different conclusions. First, pavement performance can be improved by implementing a single geogrid layer within the upper third of the layer and second, in order to achieve structural stability, the subgrade-base layer interface may require a geosynthetic stabilization layer.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
S. Pandey, K. Rao, D. Tiwari, Effect of geogrid reinforcement on critical responses of bituminous pavements, 25th ARRB Conference 2012, Perth, Western Australia, Australia, 2012.
A. Graziani, E. Pasquini, G. Ferrotti, A. Virgili, F. Canestrari, Structural response of grid-reinforced bituminous pavements, Mater. Struct. 47 (8) (2014)1391–408.
N. S. Correia, J. G. Zornberg, Strain distribution along geogrid-reinforced asphalt overlays under traffic loading, Geotext. Geomem. 46 (1) (2018) 111–120.
M. N. Hadi, A. S. Al-Hedad, Flexural fatigue behaviour of geogrid reinforced concrete pavements, Constr. Buil. Mater. 249 (2020) 118762.
T. O. Al-Refeai, Behavior of Geotextile Reinforced Sand on Weak Subgrade, J. King Saud Univer. Eng. Sci. 12 (2) (2000) 219–232.
I. L. Howard, K. A. Warren, Finite-element modeling of instrumented flexible pavements under stationary transient loading, J. Transp. Eng. 135 (2) (2009) 53–61.
S. W. Perkins, Mechanistic-empirical modeling and design model development of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavements. No. FHWA/MT-01-002/99160-1A. Western Transportation Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, Montana State University, FHWA, MT, USA, 2001.
Perkins SW. Evaluation of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavement systems using two pavement test facilities. FHWA/MT-02-008/20040. Montana Department of Transportation Helena, FHWA, MT, USA, 2002.
R. R. Berg, B. R. Christopher, S. W. Perkins, Geosynthetic reinforcement of the aggregate base course of flexible pavement structures. GMA White Paper II, Geosynthetic Materials Association, Roseville, MN, USA. 2000, pp 130.
H. Alimohammadi, V. R. Schaefer, J. Zheng, H. Li, Performance evaluation of geosynthetic reinforced flexible pavement: a review of full-scale field studies, Inter. J. Pavement Res. Technol. (2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0019-y
S. W. Perkins, M. Ismeik, M. L. Fogelsong, Influence of geosynthetic placement position on the performance of reinforced flexible pavement systems, Geosynthetics’ 99: Specifying Geosynthetics and Developing Design Details, Boston, MA, USA, 1999.
R. Barksdale, S. Brown, F. Chan, Aggregate base reinforcement of surfaced pavement, Geotextiles Geomembranes 8 (1989) 165–89.
N. Miura, A. Sakai, Y. Taesiri, T. Yamanouchi, K. Yasuhara, Polymer grid reinforced pavement on soft clay grounds, Geotextiles Geomembranes 9 (1) (1990) 99–123.
G. Dondi, Three-dimensional finite element analysis of a reinforced paved road, Proc. Fifth Inter. Conf. Geotextiles, Geomembranes Related Products, Singapore,1994, pp. 95–100.
G. W. Wathugala, B. Huang, S. Pal, Numerical simulation of geosynthetic-reinforced flexible pavements, Transp. Res. Rec. 1534 (1) (1996) 58–65.
A. Virgili, F. Canestrari, A. Grilli, F. A. Santagata, Repeated load test on bituminous systems reinforced by geosynthetics, Geotextiles Geomembranes 27 (3) (2009) 187–195.
H. Moayedi, S. Kazemian, A. Prasad, B. B. Huat, Effect of geogrid reinforcement location in paved road improvement, Elect. J. Geotech. Eng. 14 (2009) 1–11.
J. Leng, M. A. Gabr, Numerical analysis of stress-deformation response in reinforced unpaved road sections, Geosynthetics Inter. 12 (2) (2005) 111–119.
M. D. Nazzal, M. Y. Abu-Farsakh, L. N. Mohammad, Implementation of a critical state two-surface model to evaluate the response of geosynthetic reinforced pavements, Inter. J. Geomech. 10 (5) (2010) 202–212.
I. L. Al-Qadi, T. L. Brandon, R. J. Valentine, B. A. Lacina, T. E. Smith, Laboratory evaluation of geosynthetic-reinforced pavement sections, Transp. Res. Rec. (1439) (1994) 25–31.
R. Haas, J. Walls, R. G. Carroll, Geogrid reinforcement of granular bases in flexible pavements, Transp. Res. Rec. 1188(1) (1988) 19–27.
A. Cancelli, F. Montanelli, In-ground test for geosynthetic reinforced flexible paved roads, Twelfth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Iceland, 1999.
G. Raymond, I. Ismail, The effect of geogrid reinforcement on unbound aggregates, Geotextiles Geomembranes 21 (6) (2003) 355–380.
J. Kwon, E. Tutumluer, I. Al-Qadi, S. Dessouky, Effectiveness of geogrid base-reinforcement in low-volume flexible pavements, GeoCongress 2008: Geosustain. and Geohazard Mitigation, New Orleans, LO, USA, 2008, pp. 1057–1064.
I. L. Al-Qadi, M. A. Elseifi, P. J. Yoo, S. H. Dessouky, N. Gibson, T. Harman, K. Petros, Accuracy of current complex modulus selection procedure from vehicular load pulse: NCHRP Project 1-37A mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide, Transp. Res. Rec. 2087 (1) (2008) 81–90.
I. L. Al-Qadi, S. H. Dessouky, J. Kwon, E. Tutumluer, Geogrid-reinforced low-volume flexible pavements: Pavement response and geogrid optimal location, J. Transp. Eng. 138 (9) (2012) 1083–1090.
M. Y. Fattah, M. R. Mahmood, M. F. Aswad, Experimental and numerical behavior of railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by soft clay, International Congress and Exhibition, Sustain. Civ. Infras.: Innovative Infras. Geotechnol., Springer, Cham, 2017. pp. 1–26.
Z. A. Alkaissi, Effect of high temperature and traffic loading on rutting performance of flexible pavement, J. King Saud Univer. Eng. Sci. 32 (1) (2020) 1–4.
H. Wang, M. Li, N. Garg, Airfield Flexible Pavement Responses Under Heavy Aircraft and High Tire Pressure Loading, Transp. Res. Rec. 2501 (1) (2015) 31–39.
H. Wang, I. L. Al-Qadi, Combined effect of moving wheel loading and three-dimensional contact stresses on perpetual pavement responses, Transp. Res. Rec. 2095 (1) (2009) 53–61.
ARA Inc., ERES Consultants Division, Guide for Mechanistic-Empirical Design of New and Rehabilitated Pavement Structures. NCHRP Project 1-37A. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies. Washington DC, USA, 2004.
K. George, Prediction of resilient modulus from soil index properties. No. FHWA/MS-DOT-RD-04-172. Mississippi. Dept. of Transportation, MS, USA, 2004.
H. Wang, I. L. Al-Qadi, Importance of nonlinear anisotropic modeling of granular base for predicting maximum viscoelastic pavement responses under moving vehicular loading, J. Eng. Mech. 139 (1) (2013) 29–38.
COMSOL Multiphysics, COMSOL Multiphysics Modeling User’s Guide: Version 5.3. COMSOL AB. Stockholm, Sweden, 2017.
Corporation TI, Geogrid Product Specification, Tensar International Corporation, GA, USA, 2019.
M. Y. Fattah, M. R. Mahmood, M. F. Aswad, Stress distribution from railway track over geogrid reinforced ballast underlain by clay, Earthquake Eng. Eng. Vibration 18 (1) (2019) 77–93.
I. L. Al-Qadi, S. H. Dessouky, J. Kwon, E. Tutumluer, Geogrid in flexible pavements: validated mechanism, Transp. Res. Rec. 2045 (1) (2008) 102–109.
P. J. Yoo, I. L. Al-Qadi, The truth and myth of fatigue cracking potential in hot-mix asphalt: Numerical analysis and validation, Asphalt Paving Technology-Proceedings, PA, USA, Vol. 77, 2008, pp. 549.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by Highway and Transportation Engineering Department/Mustansiriyah University
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mohammed Fattah proposed the research concept and study plan and revised paper draft; Abbas Jasim conducted numerical simulation and wrote paper draft; Israa Al-Saadi and Alaa Abbas provided comments to data analysis and paper draft.
Corresponding author
Additional information
Conflict of interest
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jasim, A.F., Fattah, M.Y., Al-Saadi, I.F. et al. Geogrid reinforcement optimal location under different tire contact stress assumptions. Int. J. Pavement Res. Technol. 14, 357–365 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0145-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42947-020-0145-6