Skip to main content
Log in

Laboratory friction-permeability response of rock fractures: a review and new insights

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Geomechanics and Geophysics for Geo-Energy and Geo-Resources Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Friction-permeability response of rock fractures is a fundamental issue in developing geo-energy extraction and storage. This review aims to summarize and promote our understanding of friction-permeability relationships for rock fractures and to inspire us to create robust solutions for engineering puzzles. From a perspective of laboratory experiments, we summarize the common laboratory methods and provide the state-of-the-art discussions on the frictional instability of rock fractures, the permeability evolution of rock fractures, and the friction-permeability interaction on rock fractures. We particularly revisit a few published data sets to investigate the critical factors influencing the shear-induced permeability evolution of rock fractures, such as effective normal stress, shear displacement, and frictional properties. We also extend the present analytical and experimental studies to explore new insights into the friction-permeability response of rock fractures. The transition between the aseismic and seismic slip is associated not only with the changes in shear stress and fluid pressure but also with the evolution of frictional properties. The clamping and driving stresses as well as the fluid pressure develop differently in the seismic and aseismic regions near an injection point, resulting in the complexity of fracture instability.

Article Highlights

  • Laboratory methods for friction-permeability response of rock fractures are reviewed.

  • Current progresses on friction-permeability relationships for rock fractures are summarized.

  • New insights into seismic and aseismic slip as well as fracture rupture are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

Explore related subjects

Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.

References

  • Aharonov E, Scholz CH (2019) The brittle-ductile transition predicted by a physics-based friction law. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124:2721–2737

    Google Scholar 

  • Barton N, Bandis S, Bakhtar K (1985) Strength deformation, and conductivity coupling of rock joints. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 22:121–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao X, Eaton DW (2016) Fault activation by hydraulic fracturing in western Canada. Science 354:1406–1409

    Google Scholar 

  • Beeler NM (2007) Laboratory-observed faulting in intrinsically and apparently weak materials. The seismogenic zone of subduction thrust faults. Columbia University Press

  • Bhattacharya P, Viesca RC (2019) Fluid-induced aseismic fault slip outpaces pore-fluid migration. Science 364:464–468

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Blanpied ML, Lockner DA, Byerlee JD (1991) Fault stability inferred from granite sliding experiments at hydrothermal conditions. Geophys Res Lett 18:609–612

    Google Scholar 

  • Bommer JJ, Oates S, Cepeda JM, Lindholm C, Bird J, Torres R, Marroquín G, Rivas J (2006) Control of hazard due to seismicity induced by a hot fractured rock geothermal project. Eng Geol 83:287–306

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappa F, Guglielmi Y, Nussbaum C, Birkholzer J (2018) On the relationship between fault permeability increases, induced stress perturbation, and the growth of aseismic slip during fluid injection. Geophys Res Lett 45:11012–11020

    Google Scholar 

  • Cappa F, Scuderi MM, Collettini C, Guglielmi Y, Avouac JP (2019) Stabilization of fault slip by fluid injection in the laboratory and in situ. Sci Adv 5:eaau4065

    Google Scholar 

  • Cebry SBL, McLaskey GC (2021) Seismic swarms produced by rapid fluid injection into a low permeability laboratory fault. Earth Plane Sci Lett 557:116726

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen T, Lapusta N (2009) Scaling of small repeating earthquakes explained by interaction of seismic and aseismic slip in a rate and state fault model. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 114:B01311

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Narayan SP, Yang Z, Rahman SS (2000) An experimental investigation of hydraulic behavior of fractures and joints in granitic rock. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 37:1061–1071

    Google Scholar 

  • Collettini C, Di Stefano G, Carpenter B, Scarlato P, Tesei T, Mollo S, Trippetta F, Marone C, Romeo G, Chiaraluce L (2014) A novel and versatile apparatus for brittle rock deformation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 66:114–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornelio C, Spagnuolo E, Di Toro G, Nielsen S, Violay M (2019) Mechanical behaviour of fluid-lubricated faults. Nat Commun 10:1274

    Google Scholar 

  • Dang W, Wu W, Konietzky H, Qian J (2019) Effect of shear-induced aperture evolution on fluid flow in rock fractures. Comput Geotech 114:103152

    Google Scholar 

  • De Barros L, Guglielmi Y, Rivet D, Cappa F, Duboeuf L (2018) Seismicity and fault aseismic deformation caused by fluid injection in decametric in-situ experiments. Compt Rend Geosci 350:464–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Dempsey D, Kelkar S, Pawar R (2014) Passive injection: a strategy for mitigating reservoir pressurization, induced seismicity and brine migration in geologic CO2 storage. Int J Greenh Gas Control 28:96–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Dieterich JH (1978) Time-dependent friction and the mechanics of stick-slip. Pure Appl Geophys 116:790–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsworth D, Spiers CJ, Niemeijer AR (2016) Understanding induced seismicity. Science 354:1380–1381

    Google Scholar 

  • Esaki T, Du S, Mitani Y, Ikusada K, Jing L (1999) Development of a shear-flow test apparatus and determination of coupled properties for a single rock joint. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 36:641–650

    Google Scholar 

  • Espinoza DN, Santamarina JC (2017) CO2 breakthrough—Caprock sealing efficiency and integrity for carbon geological storage. Int J Greenh Gas Con 66:218–229

    Google Scholar 

  • Eyre TS, Eaton DW, Garagash DI, Zecevic M, Venieri M, Weir R, Lawton DC (2019) The role of aseismic slip in hydraulic fracturing-induced seismicity. Sci Adv 5:eaav7172

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Elsworth D, Wang C, Ishibashi T, Fitts JP (2017) Frictional stability-permeability relationships for fractures in shales. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 122:1760–1776

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Elsworth D, Wang C, Jia Y (2018a) Mineralogical controls on frictional strength, stability, and shear permeability evolution of fractures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:3549–3563

    Google Scholar 

  • Fang Y, Elsworth D, Ishibashi T, Zhang F (2018b) Permeability evolution and frictional stability of fabricated fractures with specified roughness. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:9355–9375

    Google Scholar 

  • Faoro I, Niemeijer A, Marone C, Elsworth D (2009) Influence of shear and deviatoric stress on the evolution of permeability in fractured rock. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 114:B01201

    Google Scholar 

  • Gensterblum Y, Ghanizadeh A, Cuss RJ, Amann-Hildenbrand A, Krooss BM, Clarkson CR, Harrington JF, Zoback MD (2015) Gas transport and storage capacity in shale gas reservoirs—a review. Part A: transport processes. J Unconv Oil Gas Resour 12:87–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Giorgetti C, Carpenter BM, Collettini C (2015) Frictional behavior of talc-calcite mixtures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 120:6614–6633

    Google Scholar 

  • Guglielmi Y, Cappa F, Avouac JP, Henry P, Elsworth D (2015) Seismicity triggered by fluid injection–induced aseismic slip. Science 348:1224–1226

    Google Scholar 

  • Gutierrez M, Øino LE, Nygård R (2000) Stress-dependent permeability of a de-mineralised fracture in shale. Mar Pet Geol 17:895–907

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann H, Zimmermann G, Farkas M, Huenges E, Zang A, Leonhardt M, Kwiatek G, Martinez-Garzon P, Bohnhoff M, Min KB, Fokker P, Westaway R, Bethmann F, Meier P, Yoon KS, Choi JW, Lee TJ, Kim KY (2019) First field application of cyclic soft stimulation at the Pohang Enhanced Geothermal System site in Korea. Geophys J Int 217:926–949

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang N, Liu R, Jiang Y, Cheng Y, Li B (2019) Shear-flow coupling characteristics of a three-dimensional discrete fracture network-fault model considering stress-induced aperture variations. J Hydrol 571:416–424

    Google Scholar 

  • Ikari MJ, Marone C, Saffer DM (2011) On the relation between fault strength and frictional stability. Geology 39:83–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishibashi T, Elsworth D, Fang Y, Riviere J, Madara B, Asanuma H, Watanabe N, Marone C (2018) Friction-stability-permeability evolution of a fracture in granite. Water Resour Res 54:9901–9918

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Wu W, Zhao Z (2019) Unloading-induced rock fracture activation and maximum seismic moment prediction. Eng Geol 262:105352

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Wanniarachchi WAW, Wu W (2020) Effect of fluid pressure heterogeneity on injection-induced fracture activation. Comput Geotech 123:103589

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Wu W (2020) Injection-driven fracture activation in granite: mechanism and implications. Tectonophysics 791:228572

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Fang Z, Wu W (2021a) Fluid overpressurization of rock fractures and implications for fluid-induced seismicity. Rock Mech Rock Eng 54:3039–3050

    Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Zhuang L, Wu W, Hofmann H, Zang A, Zimmermann G (2021b) Activation of a natural fracture in granite by monotonic and cyclic fluid injection. Rock Mech Rock Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-021-02438-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ji Y, Yoon JS, Zang A, Wu W (2021c) Mitigation of injection-induced seismicity on undrained faults in granite using cyclic fluid injection: a laboratory study. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 146:104881

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia Y, Wu W, Kong X (2020a) Injection-induced slip heterogeneity on faults in shale reservoirs. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 131:104363

    Google Scholar 

  • Jia Y, Fang Y, Elsworth D, Wu W (2020b) Slip velocity dependence of friction-permeability response of shale fractures. Rock Mech Rock Eng 53:2109–2121

    Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Y, Xiao J, Tanabashi Y, Mizokami T (2004) Development of an automated servo-controlled direct shear apparatus applying a constant normal stiffness condition. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 41:275–286

    Google Scholar 

  • Keranen KM, Savage HM, Abers GA, Cochran ES (2013) Potentially induced earthquakes in Oklahoma, USA: links between wastewater injection and the 2011 Mw 5.7 earthquake sequence. Geology 41:699–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Kang JQ, Zhu JB, Zhao J (2019) A review of mechanisms of induced earthquakes: from a review of rock mechanics. Geomech Geophys Geo-Energ Geo-Res 5:171–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Kato N (2016) Earthquake cycles in a model of interacting fault patches: complex behavior at transition from seismic to aseismic slip. Bull Seismol Soc Am 106:1772–1787

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohli AH, Zoback MD (2013) Frictional properties of shale reservoir rocks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 118:5109–5125

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroll KA, Cochran ES (2021) Stress controls rupture extent and maximum magnitude of induced earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett 48:e2020GL092148

    Google Scholar 

  • Leeman JR, Saffer DM, Scuderi MM, Marone C (2016) Laboratory observations of slow earthquakes and the spectrum of tectonic fault slip modes. Nature Commun 7:11104

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Wu W, Li B (2018) An analytical model for two-order asperity degradation of rock joints under constant normal stiffness conditions. Rock Mech Rock Eng 51:1431–1445

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y, Wu W, Xiao W (2020) Analytical modelling of the shear behavior of rock joints with two-order asperity dilation and degradation. Int J Geomech 20:04020062

    Google Scholar 

  • Marone C (1998a) The effect of loading rate on static friction and the rate of fault healing during the earthquake cycle. Nature 391:69–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Marone C (1998b) Laboratory-derived friction laws and their application to seismic faulting. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 26:643–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Marone C, Scholz CH (1989) Particle-size distribution and microstructures within simulated fault gouge. J Struct Geol 11:799–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Marone C, Hobbs BE, Ord A (1992) Coulomb constitutive laws for friction: contrasts in frictional behavior for distributed and localized shear. Pure Appl Geophys 139:195–214

    Google Scholar 

  • Marone C, Kilgore B (1993) Scaling of the critical slip distance for seismic faulting with shear strain in fault zones. Nature 362:618–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei C, Barbot S, Wu W (2021) Period-multiplying cycles at the transition between stick-slip and stable sliding and implications for the Parkfield period-doubling tremors. Geophys Res Lett 48:e2020GL091807

    Google Scholar 

  • Mei C, Wu W (2021) Fracture asperity evolution during the transition from stick slip to stable sliding. Phil Trans R Soc A 379:20200133

    Google Scholar 

  • Meier PM, Rodriguez AA, Bethmann F (2015) Lessons learned from Basel: new EGS projects in Switzerland using multistage stimulation and a probabilistic traffic light system for the reduction of seismic risk. In: World geothermal congress

  • Mitchell TM, Faulkner DR (2008) Experimental measurements of permeability evolution during triaxial compression of initially intact crystalline rocks and implications for fluid flow in fault zones. J Geophys Res 113:B11412

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan JK, Boettcher MS (1999) Numerical simulations of granular shear zones using the distinct element method: 1. Shear zone kinematics and the micromechanics of localization. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 104:2703–2719

    Google Scholar 

  • Passelègue FX, Almakari M, Dublanchet P, Barras F, Fortin J, Violay M (2020) Initial effective stress controls the nature of earthquakes. Nat Commun 11:5132

    Google Scholar 

  • Rathnaweera TD, Wu W, Ji Y, Gamage RP (2020) Understanding injection-induced seismicity in enhanced geothermal systems: from the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical process to anthropogenic earthquake prediction. Earth Sci Rev 205:103182

    Google Scholar 

  • Reches Z, Lockner D (2010) Fault weakening and earthquake instability by powder lubrication. Nature 467:452–455

    Google Scholar 

  • Rice JR (1983) Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl Geophys 121:443–475

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter EH, Hackston A (2017) On the effective stress law for rock-on-rock frictional sliding, and fault slip triggered by means of fluid injection. Phil Trans R Soc A 375:20160001

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter EH, Mecklenburgh J (2018) Influence of normal and shear stress on the hydraulic transmissivity of thin cracks in a tight quartz sandstone, a granite, and a shale. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:1262–1285

    Google Scholar 

  • Saffer DM, Frye KM, Marone C, Mair K (2001) Laboratory results indicating complex and potentially unstable frictional behavior of smectite clay. Geophys Res Lett 28:2297–2300

    Google Scholar 

  • Scholz CH (1998) Earthquakes and friction laws. Nature 391:37–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Scuderi MM, Collettini C, Marone C (2017) Frictional stability and earthquake triggering during fluid pressure stimulation of an experimental fault. Earth Planet Sci Lett 477:84–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Scuderi MM, Collettini C (2018) Fluid injection and the mechanics of frictional stability of shale-bearing faults. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:8364–8384

    Google Scholar 

  • Selvadurai PA, Glaser SD (2017) Asperity generation and its relationship to seismicity on a planar fault: a laboratory simulation. Geophys J Int 208:1009–1025

    Google Scholar 

  • Sone H, Zoback MD (2013) Mechanical properties of shale gas rocks—part 1: static and dynamic elastic properties of anisotropy. Geophysics 78:D381–D392

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanikawa W, Sakaguchi M, Tadai O, Hirose T (2010) Influence of fault slip rate on shear-induced permeability. J Geophys Res 115:B07412

    Google Scholar 

  • Taron J, Elsworth D (2010) Coupled mechanical and chemical processes in engineered geothermal reservoirs with dynamic permeability. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 47:1339–1348

    Google Scholar 

  • Tatone BSA, Grasselli G (2015) Characterization of the effect of normal load on the discontinuity morphology in direct shear specimens using X-ray micro-CT. Acta Geotech 10:31–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Tembe S, Lockner DA, Wong TF (2010) Effect of clay content and mineralogy on frictional sliding behavior of simulated gouges: binary and ternary mixtures of quartz, illite, and montmorillonite. J Geophys Res 115:B03416

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsutsumi A, Shimamoto T (1997) High-velocity frictional properties of gabbro. Geophys Res Lett 24:699–702

    Google Scholar 

  • Ujiie K, Tsutsumi A (2010) High-velocity frictional properties of clay-rich fault gouge in a megasplay fault zone, Nankai subduction zone. Geophys Res Lett 37:L24310

    Google Scholar 

  • Vengosh A, Jackson RB, Warner N, Darrah TH, Kondash A (2014) A critical review of the risks to water resources from unconventional shale gas development and hydraulic fracturing in the United States. Environ Sci Technol 48:8334–8348

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogler D, Amann F, Bayer P, Elsworth D (2016) Permeability evolution in natural fractures subject to cyclic loading and gouge formation. Rock Mech Rock Eng 49:3463–3479

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Kwiatek G, Rybacki E, Bonnelye A, Bohnhoff M, Dresen G (2020) Laboratory study on fluid-induced fault slip behavior: the role of fluid pressurization rate. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2019GL086627

    Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe N, Hirano N, Tsuchiya N (2009) Diversity of channeling flow in heterogenous aperture distribution inferred from integrated experimental-numerical analysis on flow through shear fracture in granite. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 114:B04208

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei MD, Dai F, Ji YL, Wu W (2021) Effect of fluid pressure gradient on factor of safety in rock stability analysis. Eng Geol 294:106346

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Zhao J (2014) A dynamic-induced direct-shear model for dynamic triggering of frictional slip on simulated granular gouges. Exp Mech 54:605–613

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu W, Reece JS, Gensterblum Y, Zoback MD (2017) Permeability evolution of slowly slipping faults in shale reservoirs. Geophys Res Lett 44:11368–11375

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye Z, Ghassemi A (2018) Injection-induced shear slip and permeability enhancement in granite fractures. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:9009–9032

    Google Scholar 

  • Ye Z, Ghassemi A (2020) Heterogeneous fracture slip and aseismic-seismic transition in a triaxial injection test. Geophys Res Lett 47:e2020GL087739

    Google Scholar 

  • Yeo IW, Freitas MH, Zimmerman RW (1998) Effect of shear displacement on the aperture and permeability of a rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 35:1051–1070

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoon JK, Zang A, Stephansson O (2014) Numerical investigation on optimized stimulation of intact and naturally fractured deep geothermal reservoirs using hydro-mechanical coupled discrete particles joints model. Geothermics 52:165–184

    Google Scholar 

  • Zang A, Yoon JS, Stephansson O, Heidbach O (2013) Fatigue hydraulic fracturing by cyclic reservoir treatment enhances permeability and reduces induced seismicity. Geophys J Int 195:1282–1287

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang S, Tullis TE, Scruggs VJ (1999) Permeability anisotropy and pressure dependency of permeability in experimentally sheared gouge materials. J Struct Geol 21:795–806

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Q, Tisato N, Kovaleva O, Grasselli G (2018a) Direct observation of faulting by means of rotary shear tests under X-ray micro‐computed tomography. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 123:7389–7403

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Z, Peng H, Wu W, Chen YF (2018b) Characteristics of shear-induced asperity degradation of rock fractures and implications for solute retardation. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 105:53–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman RW, Bodvarsson GS (1996) Hydraulic conductivity of rock fractures. Transp Porous Med 23:1–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Zoback MD, Byerlee JD (1975) Permeability and effective stress. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 59:154–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Zou L, Jing L, Cvetkovic V (2015) Roughness decomposition and nonlinear fluid flow in a single rock fracture. Int J Rock Mech Min Sci 75:102–118

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Ministry of Education, Singapore, under Academic Research Fund Tier 1 (Grant Number RG152/19).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei Wu.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article belongs to the Topical Collection: Geomechanics for Deep Resource and Energy Exploitation.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fang, Z., Wu, W. Laboratory friction-permeability response of rock fractures: a review and new insights. Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour. 8, 15 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00316-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40948-021-00316-8

Keywords

Navigation