Abstract
Cryogenic thermal-cycling (CTC) is a promising method for the rejuvenation of metallic glasses (MGs). Although seemingly arbitrary, the direction of energy change in MGs following CTC sometimes results in relaxation rather than rejuvenation. By demonstrating enthalpy relaxation in a shear band (SB) and enthalpy rejuvenation in the metallic-glass matrix, the current work demonstrates that the initial state of the specimen matters. Micro-hardness, nano-indentation loading curves, and the shapes of indents all support the bidirectional trends. Notably, after subjecting the specimen to 100 cryogenic thermal-cycles, the enthalpy and hardness tend to converge into an equilibrium value. It is discovered that CTC can accelerate the structural relaxation of SB at room temperature, a phenomenon that thermal annealing at the upper temperature (353 K) of CTC cannot achieve. Additionally, the experimental results have been elucidated by adapting the free-volume model. The work provides new insights into the functionalities of CTC and illuminates the initial state of the metallic-glass sample upon reversing the direction of enthalpy change.
摘要
低温热循环是实现非晶合金结构回春的一种简单有效方法, 但某些非晶合金在低温热循环处理后发生弛豫而不是回春. 本研究通过在非晶合金中引入剪切带, 在同一块样品上获得了不同区域初始能量不同的非晶合金, 系统地研究了不同初始状态对低温热循环处理效果的影响. 研究结果发现, 在经过低温热循环处理后, 同一试样中的剪切带发生结构弛豫, 而基体发生结构回春. 类似的双向变化趋势还可以从显微硬度、纳米压痕曲线以及压痕形状的变化上得到验证. 经历了100次低温热循环处理后, 剪切带和基体的焓和硬度均收敛到一个平衡值. 低温热循环能够加速剪切带的结构弛豫, 实现了在低温热循环的上限温度上做长时间退火所达不到的状态. 文中还采用自由体积模型对实验结果进行分析, 阐明了非晶合金的初始状态影响其结构演化方向的机理. 本研究为低温热循环处理非晶合金提供了新见解, 阐明非晶合金初始状态在其焓变方向上的关键作用.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Ketov SV, Sun YH, Nachum S, et al. Rejuvenation of metallic glasses by non-affine thermal strain. Nature, 2015, 524: 200–203
Sohrabi S, Ri MC, Jiang HY, et al. Prominent role of chemical heterogeneity on cryogenic rejuvenation and thermomechanical properties of La−Al−Ni metallic glass. Intermetallics, 2019, 111: 106497
Guo W, Shao Y, Saida J, et al. Rejuvenation and plasticization of Zr-based bulk metallic glass with various Ta content upon deep cryogenic cycling. J Alloys Compd, 2019, 795: 314–318
Costa MB, Londoño JJ, Blatter A, et al. Anelastic-like nature of the rejuvenation of metallic glasses by cryogenic thermal cycling. Acta Mater, 2023, 244: 118551
Pan J, Ivanov YP, Zhou WH, et al. Strain-hardening and suppression of shear-banding in rejuvenated bulk metallic glass. Nature, 2020, 578: 559–562
Guo W, Yamada R, Saida J. Rejuvenation and plasticization of metallic glass by deep cryogenic cycling treatment. Intermetallics, 2018, 93: 141–147
Di S, Wang Q, Zhou J, et al. Enhancement of plasticity for FeCoBSiNb bulk metallic glass with superhigh strength through cryogenic thermal cycling. Scripta Mater, 2020, 187: 13–18
Pan J, Duan F. Rejuvenation behaviors in metallic glasses. Acta Metall Sin, 2021, 57: 439–452
Grell D, Dabrock F, Kerscher E. Cyclic cryogenic pretreatments influencing the mechanical properties of a bulk glassy Zr-based alloy. Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct, 2018, 41: 1330–1343
Ketkaew J, Yamada R, Wang H, et al. The effect of thermal cycling on the fracture toughness of metallic glasses. Acta Mater, 2020, 184: 100–108
Murali P, Ramamurty U. Embrittlement of a bulk metallic glass due to sub-Tg annealing. Acta Mater, 2005, 53: 1467–1478
Ge J, Luo P, Wu Z, et al. Correlations of multiscale structural evolution and homogeneous flows in metallic glass ribbons. Mater Res Lett, 2023, 11: 547–555
Pan J, Wang YX, Guo Q, et al. Extreme rejuvenation and softening in a bulk metallic glass. Nat Commun, 2018, 9: 560
Dmowski W, Yokoyama Y, Chuang A, et al. Structural rejuvenation in a bulk metallic glass induced by severe plastic deformation. Acta Mater, 2010, 58: 429–438
Raghavan R, Boopathy K, Ghisleni R, et al. Ion irradiation enhances the mechanical performance of metallic glasses. Scripta Mater, 2010, 62: 462–465
Hufnagel TC. Cryogenic rejuvenation. Nat Mater, 2015, 14: 867–868
Wang L, Wang Z, Chu W, et al. Evolution path of metallic glasses under extensive cryogenic thermal cycling: Rejuvenation or relaxation? Mater Sci Eng-A, 2022, 850: 143551
Sohrabi S, Li MX, Bai HY, et al. Energy storage oscillation of metallic glass induced by high-intensity elastic stimulation. Appl Phys Lett, 2020, 116: 081901
Wang X, Shao Y, Gong P, et al. The effect of simulated thermal cycling on thermal and mechanical stability of a Ti-based bulk metallic glass. J Alloys Compd, 2013, 575: 449–454
Tang Y, Zhou HF, Wang XD, et al. Origin of different thermal cycling effects in Fe80P20 and Ni60Nb40 metallic glasses. Mater Today Phys, 2021, 17: 100349
Kang SJ, Cao QP, Liu J, et al. Intermediate structural state for maximizing the rejuvenation effect in metallic glass via thermo-cycling treatment. J Alloys Compd, 2019, 795: 493–500
Sun Y, Concustell A, Greer AL. Thermomechanical processing of metallic glasses: Extending the range of the glassy state. Nat Rev Mater, 2016, 1: 16039
Pan J, Chen Q, Liu L, et al. Softening and dilatation in a single shear band. Acta Mater, 2011, 59: 5146–5158
Cohen MH, Turnbull D. Molecular transport in liquids and glasses. J Chem Phys, 1959, 31: 1164–1169
Heggen M, Spaepen F, Feuerbacher M. Creation and annihilation of free volume during homogeneous flow of a metallic glass. J Appl Phys, 2005, 97: 033506
Wang ZT, Pan J, Li Y, et al. Densification and strain hardening of a metallic glass under tension at room temperature. Phys Rev Lett, 2013, 111: 135504
Duine PA, Sietsma J, van den Beukel A. Defect production and annihilation near equilibrium in amorphous Pd40Ni40P20 investigated from viscosity data. Acta Metall Mater, 1992, 40: 743–751
Singh S, Ediger MD, de Pablo JJ. Ultrastable glasses from in silico vapour deposition. Nat Mater, 2013, 12: 139–144
Jin HJ, Gu XJ, Wen P, et al. Pressure effect on the structural relaxation and glass transition in metallic glasses. Acta Mater, 2003, 51: 6219–6231
Ma D, Stoica AD, Wang XL. Power-law scaling and fractal nature of medium-range order in metallic glasses. Nat Mater, 2009, 8: 30–34
Liu C, Cai Z, Xia X, et al. Shear-band structure and chemistry in a Zr-based metallic glass probed with nano-beam X-ray fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Scripta Mater, 2019, 169: 23–27
Wu JP, Lin Y, Duan FH, et al. Unexpected creep behavior in a rejuvenated metallic glass. J Mater Sci Tech, 2023, 163: 140–149
Murty K L, Charit I. An Introduction to Nuclear Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. Berlin: Wiley-VCH, 2013
Lu T, Liu SL, Sun YH, et al. 1.7 times thermal expansion from glass to liquid. Acta Mater, 2023, 242: 118450
Xu Y, Fang J, Gleiter H, et al. Quantitative determination of free volume in Pd40Ni40P20 bulk metallic glass. Scripta Mater, 2010, 62: 674–677
Wang JG, Zhao DQ, Pan MX, et al. Correlation between onset of yielding and free volume in metallic glasses. Scripta Mater, 2010, 62: 477–480
Maaß R. Beyond serrated flow in bulk metallic glasses: What comes next? Metall Mater Trans A, 2020, 51: 5597–5605
Das A, Dufresne EM, Maaß R. Structural dynamics and rejuvenation during cryogenic cycling in a Zr-based metallic glass. Acta Mater, 2020, 196: 723–732
Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Montazerian M, et al. Understanding glass through differential scanning calorimetry. Chem Rev, 2019, 119: 7848–7939
Derlet PM, Maaß R. Micro-plasticity in a fragile model binary glass. Acta Mater, 2021, 209: 116771
Hassanpour A, Vaidya M, Divinski SV, et al. Impact of cryogenic cycling on tracer diffusion in plastically deformed Pd40Ni40P20 bulk metallic glass. Acta Mater, 2021, 209: 116785
Greer AL, Cheng YQ, Ma E. Shear bands in metallic glasses. Mater Sci Eng-R-Rep, 2013, 74: 71–132
Acknowledgements
Pan J and Sun Y thank Prof. A.L. Greer from the University of Cambridge for useful discussion. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52022100, 52192604, 51971097, 51971239 and 92263103). Pan J also acknowledges the financial support from the Key R&D Program of Hubei (2022BAA023) and Basic Research Support Program of Huazhong University of Science and Technology (5003110121), and Sun Y acknowledges the support from the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by China Association for Science and Technology. The authors are grateful to the Analytical and Testing Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology for technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Author contributions Liu L and Pan J designed and supervised the project. Wei Y prepared and characterized the samples. Sun Y contributed to the theoretical analyses and free volume calculation. Li N and Zhang C performed the data analyses. Wang W provided significant guidance on the study. Wei Y, Pan J and Sun Y wrote the paper. All authors contributed to the general discussion.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Yufeng Wei is a PhD candidate supervised by Prof. Jie Pan at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST). His research interest mainly focuses on the rejuvenation behaviors in metallic glasses.
Jie Pan is now a full professor at HUST. He received his PhD degree from HUST in 2011. His research interests include the designing and mechanical behavior of bulk metallic glasses, high-entropy alloys, and gradient nanostructured metallic materials.
Yonghao Sun is currently an associate professor at the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. He received his PhD degree from the University of Cambridge in 2016. His research interest focuses on thermo-mechanical processing of metallic glasses.
Lin Liu is currently a Huazhong-distinguished professor at HUST, he is also a chief professor at the State Key Lab for Materials Processing and Die & Mold Technology. His research interests mainly focus on metallic glasses, amorphous alloy coatings, metal nano-porous materials, and additive manufacturing.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wei, Y., Pan, J., Sun, Y. et al. Accelerating structural relaxation of shear band at ambient conditions through cryogenic thermal-cycling. Sci. China Mater. 67, 974–982 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-023-2759-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40843-023-2759-9