Abstract
γ-Alumina nanoparticles have been modified with polysulfone (PSU) chains via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between functionalized alumina with vinyl groups and terminal azide polysulfone chains of two different molecular weights. Homopolymer nanocomposites have been prepared for the first time by extrusion and microinjection. The effectiveness of the grafts on the dispersiblity has been analyzed in terms of the parameters that govern the wettability between grafted and matrix chains: graft density (σ), graft molecular weight (N) at constant matrix molecular weight (P). The dispersion state and interfacial adhesion of PSU grafted-nanoparticles have been evaluated from laser scanning confocal, FESEM and SEM microscopy. Results show that the incorporation of the modified g-alumina improves the dispersion state in comparison with bare alumina nanoparticles, reducing the average particle size from 5±9 to 1.3±1 microns. Although aggregates are still present the size of the aggregates are also substantially reduced even with low or moderate graft density used in this work, but further improves the interfacial adhesion between nanoparticle and matrix when long PSU chains are grafted even with low-moderate grafting density. These results can be explained by enthalpic compatibility between polysulfone grafted layer and host polysulfone matrix
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
D. I. Cha, K. W. Kim, G. H. Chu, H. Y. Kim, K. H. Lee, and N. Bhattarai, Macromol. Res., 14, 331 (2006).
B. Gao, W. Zhang, Q. Lei, and J. Men, Macromol. Res., 21, 599 (2013).
J. Wang, H. Sun, X. Gao, and C. Gao, Appl. Surf. Sci., 317, 210 (2014).
M. Saxena, S. Sharma, and A. Bhattacharya, Int. J. Membr. Sci. Technol., 2, 39 (2015).
S. Anaya, B. Serrano, and B. Herrero, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 14460 (2014).
A. J. Jose, M. Alagar, and S. P. Thomas, Mater. Manuf. Processes, 27, 247 (2012).
H. Bai, Y. Zhou, and Z. Liping, Adv. Polym. Technol., 34, (2015).
M. Farrokhnia, M. Rashidzadeh, A. Safekordi, and G. Khanbabaei, Iran. Polym. J., 24, 171 (2015).
P. Anadão, L. F. Sato, H. Wiebeck, and F. R. Valenzuela-Díaz, Appl. Clay Sci., 48, 127 (2010).
D. Olmos, S. G. Prolongo, and J. González-Benito, Compos. Part B: Eng., 61, 307 (2014).
A. Dasari, Z. Z. Yu, and Y. W. Mai, Mater. Sci. Eng. R, Reports, 63, 31 (2009).
L. Nayak, D. Khastgir, and T. K. Chaki, J. Mater. Sci., 48, 1492 (2013).
T. S. Volkova and E. Y. Beider, Theor. Found. Chem. Eng., 45, 717 (2011).
G. Huang, J. Yang, X. Wang, and J. Gao, Macromol. Res., 21, 27 (2013).
N. J. Fernandes, H. Koerner, E. P. Giannelis, and R. A. Vaia, MRS Commun., 3, 13 (2013).
J. Jancar, J. F. Douglas, F. W. Starr, S. K. Kumar, P. Cassagnau, A. J. Lesser, S. S. Sternstein, and M. J. Buehler, Polymer (Guildf)., 51, 3321 (2010).
H. R. Hakimelahi, L. Hu, B. B. Rupp, and M. R. Coleman, Polymer (Guildf)., 51, 2494 (2010).
B. Zornoza, S. Irusta, C. Téllez, and J. Coronas, Langmuir, 25, 5903 (2009).
Y. Devrim, S. Erkan, N. Baç, and I. Eroglu, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 3467 (2009).
S. Kango, S. Kalia, A. Celli, J. Njuguna, Y. Habibi, and R. Kumar, Prog. Polym. Sci., 38, 1232 (2013).
M. A. Hood, M. Mari, and R. Muñoz-Espí, Materials (Basel)., 7, 4057 (2014).
S. K. Kumar, N. Jouault, B. Benicewicz, and T. Neely, Macromolecules, 46, 3199 (2013).
J. Choi, C. M. Hui, M. Schmitt, J. Pietrasik, S. Margel, K. Matyjazsewski, and M. R. Bockstaller, Langmuir, 29, 6452 (2013).
P. Akcora, S. K. Kumar, V. García Sakai, Y. Li, B. C. Benicewicz, and L. S. Schadler, Macromolecules, 43, 8275 (2010).
I. Y. Jeon and J. B. Baek, Materials (Basel)., 3, 3654 (2010).
S. Li, M. M. Lin, M. S. Toprak, D. K. Kim, and M. Muhammed, Nano Rev., 1, 1 (2010).
R. Francis, N. Joy, E. P. Aparna, and R. Vijayan, Polym. Rev., 54, 268 (2014).
A. Rungta, B. Natarajan, T. Neely, D. Dukes, L. S. Schadler, and B. C. Benicewicz, Macromolecules, 45, 9303 (2012).
S. Gupta, P. C. Ramamurthy, and G. Madras, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 6585 (2011).
G. G. Vogiatzis and D. N. Theodorou, Macromolecules, 46, 4670 (2013).
D. Sunday, J. Ilavsky, and D. L. Green, Macromolecules, 45, 4007 (2012).
Y. Li, P. Tao, A. Viswanath, B. C. Benicewicz, and L. S. Schadler, Langmuir, 29, 1211 (2013).
R. M. Bielecki, P. Doll, and N. D. Spencer, Tribol. Lett., 49, 273 (2013).
K. S. Iyer and I. Luzinov, Macromolecules, 37, 9538 (2004).
B. Natarajan, T. Neely, A. Rungta, B. C. Benicewicz, and L. S. Schadler, Macromolecules, 46, 4909 (2013).
D. L. Green and J. Mewis, Langmuir, 22, 9546 (2006).
Y. Qiao, X. Yin, L. Wang, M. S. Islam, B. C. Benicewicz, H. J. Ploehn, and C. Tang, Macromolecules, 48, 8998 (2015).
N. Ogihara, K. Aoki, M. Shimizu, N. Narita, M. Okamoto, H. Kato, and S. Taruta, Nanomedicine, 7, 981 (2012).
L. T. Truong, Á. Larsen, B. Holme, F. K. Hansen, and J. Roots, Polymer (Guildf)., 52, 1116 (2011).
C. Dizman, S. Ates, L. Torun, and Y. Yagci, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 6, 1 (2010).
K. V. Gothelf and K. A. Jørgensen, Chem. Rev., 98, 863 (1998).
H. Li, Y. Yan, B. Liu, W. Chen, and S. Chen, Powder Technol., 178, 203 (2007).
S. A. Hosseini, Open J. Phys. Chem., 01, 23 (2011).
A. Kuznetsova, E. A. Wovchko, E. Wovchko, and J. T. Yates, Advances, 13, 5322 (1997).
Y. S. Li, P. B. Wright, R. Puritt, T. Tran, Spectrochim. Acta Part A: Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc., 60, 2759 (2004).
S. Oprea, High Perform. Polym., 24, 389 (2012).
J. Amici, M. U. Kahveci, P. Allia, P. Tiberto, Y. Yagci, and M. Sangermano, J. Mater. Sci., 47, 412 (2012).
R. Huisgen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl., 2, 565 (1963).
S. Bräse, C. Gil, K. Knepper, and V. Zimmermann, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44, 5188 (2005).
P. Scheiner, Tetrahedron, 24, 349 (1967).
G. Socrates, Infrared and Raman Characteristic Group Frequencies, 3rd ed., John Willey and Sons, Chichester, 2001.
B. J. Ash, R. W. Siegel, and L. S. Schadler, J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys., 42, 4371 (2004).
M. Castellano, E. Marsano, A. Turturro, L. Conzatti, and G. Busca, Adsorption, 18, 307 (2012).
M. Abboud, M. Fontanille, E. Duguet, M. Fontanille, J. Mater. Chem., 7, 1527 (1997).
S. Yamamoto, M. Ejaz, Y. Tsujii, M. Matsumoto, and T. Fukuda, Macromolecules, 33, 5602 (2000).
D. Dukes, Y. Li, S. Lewis, B. Benicewicz, L. Schadler, and S. K. Kumar, Macromolecules, 43, 1564 (2010).
J. F. Moll, P. Akcora, A. Rungta, S. Gong, R. H. Colby, B. C. Benicewicz, and S. K. Kumar, Macromolecules, 44, 7473 (2011).
M. J. Hore, J. Ford, K. Ohno, R. J. Composto, and B. Hammouda, Macromolecules, 46, 9341 (2013).
P. Tao, A. Viswanath, Y. Li, R. W. Siegel, B. C. Benicewicz, and L. S. Schadler, Polymer (United Kingdom), 54, 1639 (2013).
S. Kim, R. Mangal, and L. Archer, Macromolecules, 48, 6280 (2015).
I. Borukhov and L. Leibler, Macromolecules, 35, 5171 (2002).
Pierre-Gilles Gennes, Scaling Concepts in Polymer Physics, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1979.
Silvia Ioan, Functionalized Polysulfones: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications; CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2015.
V. G. V. Schulz and I. Einleitung, Physics (College. Park. Md)., 29, 93 (1958).
M. N. Tchoul, S. P. Fillery, H. Koerner, L. F. Drummy, F. T. Oyerokun, P. A. Mirau, M. F. Durstock, and R. A. Vaia, Chem. Mater., 22, 1749 (2010).
G. Henn, D. G. Bucknall, M. Stamm, P. Vanhoorne, and R. Je, Macromolecules, 29, 4305 (1996).
R. Hasegawa, Y. Aoki, and M. Doi, Macromolecules, 29, 6656 (1996).
P. Auroy, L. Auvray, and L. Léger, Phys. Rev., 66, 2769 (1991).
T. B. Martin, P. M. Dodd, and A. Jayaraman, Phys. Rev. Lett., 110, 1 (2013).
J. Roovers, R. Ethier, and P. M. Toporowski, High Perform. Polym., 3, 151 (1990).
M. Wang, C. Y. Yue, and B. Chua, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., 12, 821 (2001).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Llorente, A., Serrano, B. & Baselga, J. The effect of polymer grafting in the dispersibility of alumina/polysulfone nanocomposites. Macromol. Res. 25, 11–20 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-016-4150-1
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13233-016-4150-1