Abstract
In this study, amorphous ZnO-containing calcium silicate nano powders were prepared by sol–gel technique and then calcined at different temperatures; namely, 600, 800 and 1000 °C, to study their crystallization. The synthesized powders were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, the synthesized powders were sintered at different temperatures. The sintered ceramics were examined for their physical properties, microstructure, mechanical properties and electrical properties by the suitable techniques. The results revealed that the synthesized nano powders were amorphous even after calcination up to 800 °C. By increasing the calcination temperature into 1000 °C, crystalline calcium silicate ceramic was formed. The average particle size of this crystalline material was 50 nm with lower agglomeration among the others calcined at low temperatures. Regarding to the sintered ceramics, the bulk density, fracture toughness and electrical conductivity were increased with increasing both sintering temperature and zinc content. On the other hand, microhardness, compressive strength, elastic moduli and Poisson's ratio were increased with increasing sintering temperature and decreased with increasing the zinc content.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Data Availability
All date was presented in the article.
References
Abdel Aal A, Hammad TR, Zawrah MF, Battisha IK, Abou Hammad AB (2014) FTIR Study of nanostructure perovskite BaTiO3 doped with both Fe3+ and Ni2+ ions prepared by sol-gel technique. Acta Phys Pol A 126(6):1318–1321
Aina V, Malavasi G, Pla AF, Munaron L, Morterra C (2009) Zinc-containing bioactive glasses: surface reactivity and behavior towards endothelial cells. Acta Biomater 5:1211–1222
Alatawi AS, Alturki AM, Soliman GM, Abulyazied DE, Taha MA, Youness RA (2021) Improved toughness, electrical conductivity and optical properties of bioactive borosilicate glasses for orthopedic applications. Appl Phys A 127(971):1–13
Alawad OA, Alhozaimy A, Jaafar MS, Aziz FNA, Al-Negheimish A (2015) Effect of autoclave curing on the microstructure of blended cement mixture incorporating ground dune sand and ground granulated blast furnace slag. Int J Concr Structures Mater 9(3):381–390
Arcos D, Vallet-Regi M (2010) Sol-gel silica-based biomaterials and bone tissue regeneration. Acta Biomater 6(8):2874–2888
Atkinsona I, Anghela EM, Predoana L, Mocioiu OC, Jecub L, Raut I, Munteanu C, Culita D, Zaharescu M (2016) Influence of ZnO addition on the structural, in vitro behavior and antimicrobial activity of sol–gel derived CaO–P2O5–SiO2 bioactive glasses. Ceram Int 42:3033–3045
Baciu D, Simitzis J (2008) Synthesis and characterization of a calcium silicate bioactive glass. J Optoelectron Adv Mater 9(11):3320–3324
Bahir MM, Khairnar RS, Mahabole MP (2020) Electrical properties of newly calcified tissues on the surface of silver ion administrated hydroxyapatite scaffolds. J Biomater Nanobiotechnol 11:83–100
Balasubramanian P, Strobel LA, Kneser U, Boccaccini AR (2019) Zinc-containing bioactive glasses for bone regeneration, dental and orthopedic applications. Biomed Glasses 1:51–69
Brescó MS, Harris LG, Thompson K, Stanic B, Morgenstern M, O’Mahony L, Richards RG, Moriarty TF (2017) Pathogenic mechanisms and host interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis device-related infection. Front Microbiol 8:1–24
Deshmukh K, Kovářík T, Křenek T, Docheva D, Stich T, Pola J (2020) Recent advances and future perspectives of sol–gel derived porous bioactive glasses: a review. RSC Adv 10:33782–33834
Dhmees AS, Rashad AM, Eliwa AA, Zawrah MF (2019) Preparation and characterization of nano SiO2@CeO2 extracted from blast furnace slag and uranium extraction waste for wastewater treatment, Ceramics International. Ceram Int 45:7309–7317
Elbashar YH, Badr AM, Elshaikh HA, Mostafa AG, Ibrahim AM (2016) Dielectric and optical properties of CuO containing sodium zinc phosphate glasses. Process Appl Ceram 10(4):277–286
Encinas-Romero MA, Peralta-Haley J, Valenzuela-Garcia JL, Castillon-Barrza FF (2013) Synthesis and microstructural characterization of hydroxyapatite wollastonite biocomposites, produced by an alternative sol-gel route. Biomater Nanotechnol 4:327–333
Eniu D, Gruian C, Vanea E, Patcas L, Simon V (2015) FTIR and EPR spectroscopic investigation of calcium-silicate glasses with iron and dysprosium. J Mol Struct 1084:23–27
Enrique Rocha-Rangel (2011) Fracture toughness determinations by means of indentation fracture, 22–38. https://doi.org/10.5772/18127
EzzEldin FM, Alaily NA (1998) Electrical conductivity of some alkali silicate glasses. Mater Chem Phys 52:175–179
Fares S (2011) Frequency dependence of the electrical conductivity and dielectric constants of polycarbonate (Makrofol-E) film under the effects of γ-radiation. Nat Sci 3(12):1034–1039
Fehr KT, Huber AL (2001) Stability and phase relations of Ca[ZnSi3]O8, a new phase with feldspar structure in the system CaO-ZnO-SiO2. Am Mineral 86:21–28
Frassinetti S, Bronzetti GL, Caltavuturo L, Cini M, Croce CD (2006) The role of zinc in life: a review. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 25(3):597–610
Glasser FP, Macphee DE, Lachowski EE (2011) Solubility modeling of cements: implications for radioactive waste immobilisation. MRS Proc 84:331–341
Greenberg SA, Chang TN (1965) Investigation of the colloidal hydrated calcium silicates. II. Solubility relationships in the calcium oxide-silica-water system at 25°C. J Phys Chem. 69(1):182–188
Hamzawy EM, El-Kheshen AA, Zawrah MF (2005) Densification and properties of glass/cordierite composites. Ceram Int 31(3):383–389
Hench LL, Splinter RJ, Allen WC, Greenlee TK (1971) Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. J Biomed Mater Res 5:117–141
Ibrahim S, Darwish H, Gomaa MM (2012) Electrical and physicochemical properties of some Ag2O-containing lithia iron silica phosphate glasses. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 23:1131–1142
Jain D, Shivani BAA, Singh H, Daima HK, Singh M, Mohanty SR, Stephen BJ, Singh A (2020) Microbial fabrication of zinc oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of their antimicrobial and photocatalytic properties. Front Chem 81:1–11
Kamarajan BP, Thankappan S, Muthusamy A (2015) Relevance of surface asperities in scheming cellular attachment to minimize biomaterial associated infections. Trends Biomater Artif Organs 29(2):140–145
Kayani ZN, Iqbal M, Riaz S, Zia R, Naseem S (2015) Fabrication and properties of zinc oxide thin film prepared by sol-gel dip coating method. Mater Sci Poland 33(3):515–520
Kenway MH, El-Hadad AA, Soliman IE, Ereiba KMT (2016) Bioactivity and characterization study of synthetic zirconia-silicate sol-gel glass powder. Middle East J Appl Sci 6(2):329–340
Khalil EMA, Youness RA, Amer MS, Taha MA (2018) Mechanical properties, in vitro and in vivo bioactivity assessment of Na2O-CaO-P2O5-B2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics. Ceram Int 44(7):7867–7876
Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Jesionowski T (2014) Zinc oxide—from synthesis to application: a review. Materials 7(4):2833–2881
Maeda H, Nakano Y, Kasuga T (2013) Preparation of CaO-SiO2 glass-ceramic spheres by electrospraying combined with sol-gel method. J Nanomater 2013:1–5
Mehrali M, Shirazi FS, Metselaar HSC, Kadri NAB, Osman NAA (2013) Dental implants from functionally graded materials. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 101a:3046–3057
Mourino V, Cattalini JP, Boccaccini AR (2012) Metallic ions as therapeutic agents in tissue engineering scaffolds: an overview of their biological applications and strategies for new developments. J R Soc Interface 9:401–419
Moustafa EB, Taha MA (2020) Preparation of high strength graphene reinforced Cu based nanocomposites via mechanical alloying method: microstructural, mechanical and electrical properties. Appl Phys A 126(220):1–16
Moustafa EM, Taha MA (2021) Evaluation of the microstructure, thermal and mechanical properties of Cu/SiC nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical alloying. Int J Min Metall Mater 28(3):475–486
Owens GJ, Singh RK, Foroutan F, Alqaysi M, Han CM, Mahapatra C, Kim HW, Knowles JC (2016) Sol-gel based materials for biomedical applications. Prog Mater Sci 77:1–79
Rechendorff K, Hovgaard MB, Foss M et al (2006) Enhancement of protein adsorption induced by surface roughness. Langmuir 22:10885–10888
Rodrigues M, Da Cruz NC, Rocha JAF, Sá RCL, Bock EGP (2019) Surface roughness of biomaterials and process parameters of titanium dioxide gritblasting for productivity enhancement. TAS J 3(2):169–176
Sadek HEH, Khattab RM, Gaber AA, Zawrah MF (2014) Nano Mg1-xNixAl2O4 Spinel Pigments for Advanced Applications. Spectrochimica Acta: Mol Biomol Spectrosc 125(5):353–358
Serra J, Gonzalez P, Liste S, Chiussi S, Leon B, Perez-Amor M (2002) Influence of the non-bridging oxygen groups on the bioactivity of silicate glasses. J Mater Sci Mater Med 13:1221–1225
Shirazi FS, Mehrali M, Oshkour AA, Metselaar HSC, Kadri NA, Abu Osman NA (2014) Mechanical and physical properties of calcium silicate/alumina composite for biomedical engineering applications. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 30:168–175
Speakman K (1968) The stability of tobermorite in the system CaOSiO2-H2O at elevated temperatures and pressures. Mineral Mag J Mineral Soc 36(284):1090–2103
Suri J, Shaw LL, Zawrah MF (2011) Synthesis of Carbon-Free Si3N4/SiC Nanopowders using Silica Fume. Ceram Int 37:3477–3487
Taha MA, Youness RA, Zawrah MF (2019) Review on nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical alloying. Int J Miner Metall Mater 26(9):1047–1058
Taha MA, Zawrah MF (2020) Fabrication of Al2O3-ZrO2-Ni composites with improved toughness using nano powders prepared by mechanical alloying. Ceram Int 46:19519–19529
Taha Mohammed A, Youness RA, Zawrah MF (2020) Phase composition, sinterability and bioactivity of amorphous nano-CaO-SiO2-CuO powder synthesized by sol-gel technique. Ceram Int 46:24462–24471
Tapatee KR (2015) Assessing hardness and fracture toughness in sintered zinc oxide ceramics through indentation technique. Mater Sci Eng, A 640:267–274
Wahsh MMS, Khattab RM, Zawrah MF (2013) Sintering and technological properties of alumina/zirconia/nano TiO2 ceramic composites. Mater Res Bull 48(4):1411–1414
Wajdaa A, Goldmann WH, Detsch R, Boccaccini AR, Sitarz M (2019) Influence of zinc ions on structure, bioactivity, biocompatibility and antibacterial potential of melt-derived and gel-derived glasses from CaO-SiO2 system. J Non-Cryst Solids 511:86–99
Wang Y, Zhu C, Parsons A, Rudd C, Ahmed I, Sharmin N (2019) Effects of ZnO addition on thermal properties, degradation and biocompatibility of P45Mg24Ca16Na(15–x)Znx. Biomed Glasses 5:53–66
Youness RA, Taha MA, El-Kheshen AA, Ibrahim M (2018) Influence of the addition of carbonated hydroxyapatite and selenium dioxide on mechanical properties and in vitro bioactivity of borosilicate inert glass. Ceram Int 44:20677–20685
Yue H, Wang X, Yang Z, Wei C (2017) Dynamic hydrothermal synthesis of super-low density xonotlite thermal insulation materials from industrial quartz powder. Key Eng Mater 14(2):215–228
Zawrah MF, Abo Mostafa H, Taha MA (2019) Effect of SiC content on microstructure, mechanical and electrical properties of Al-20Si-xSiC nanocomposites fabricated by mechanical alloying. Mater Res Express 6(12):125014
Zawrah MF, El-Gezary M (2007) Mechanical properties of SiC ceramics by ultrasonic nondestructive technique and its bioactivity. Mater Chem Phys 106:330–337
Zawrah MF, Schneider J, ZumGahr K-H (2002) Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Laser-Alloyed Alumina Ceramics. J Material Sci Eng A 332(1–2):167–173
Zawrah MF, Shehata AB, Kishar EA, Yamani RN (2011) Synthesis, Hydration and Sintering of Calcium Aluminate Nanopowder for Biomedical Applications. C R Chim 14:611–618
Zhao R, Shi L, Gu L, Qin X, Song Z, Fan X, Zhao P, Li C, Zheng H, Li Z, Wang Q (2021) Evaluation of bioactive glass scaffolds incorporating SrO or ZnO for bone repair: in vitro bioactivity and antibacterial activity, J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 19
Zhu Y-J, Guo X-X, Sham T-K (2017) Calcium silicate-based drug delivery systems. Expet Opin Drug Deliv 14(2):215–228
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Rasha A. Youness, Mahmoud F. Zawrah, Mohammed A. Taha contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Rasha A. Youness and Mohammed A. Taha. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Rasha A. Youness, Mahmoud F. Zawrah, Mohammed A. Taha and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Competing of interest
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Youness, R.A., Zawrah, M.F. & Taha, M.A. Synthesis of ZnO-Containing Calcium Silicate Nano Powders: A study on Sinterability, Mechanical and Electrical Properties. Silicon 15, 4943–4957 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02406-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12633-023-02406-6