Abstract
Before proceeding with any type of analysis, the condition of preservation of microfossil shells must be determined. Preservation of the shell affects tasks, such as holotype specimen selection, distribution chart, and specimen selection for geochemical analysis. The typical way to determine the degree of alteration is to use a visual examination under the stereo microscope. The deviation of visual characteristics such as colour and smoothness of the shell surface from unaltered shells depicts the alteration status. However, our eyes are frequently misled by the roughness of the shell created by tiny crystals that form due to recrystallization during the diagenesis process and are perceived to be smooth. In turn, the shell is regarded as well-preserved. To address these limitations, we have analyzed scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of ostracod shells using ImageJ, an image processing software, to determine the roughness parameters based on the grey value of the image. In addition, we compared the values of several parameters with different types of alterations, such as recrystallization and dissolution. This study aims to characterize the surface roughness of eight selected ostracod specimens from Middle Callovian to Upper Oxfordian beds of the southern part of Mainland Kachchh. The selected eight species - Cytherella masuguluensis, Progonocythere sp. A, Progonocythere jaisalmerensis, Bythocypris rajasthanensis, Paracypris contermia, Galliaecytheridea remota, Cytherelloidea sp. A, Cytherelloidea sp. B - belong to six genera and five families.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adelseck, C.G., Geehan, G.W. and Roth, P.H. (1973) Experimental evidence for the selective dissolution and overgrowth of calcareous nannofossils during diagenesis. Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer. v.84(8), pp.2755–2762. doi:https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2755:EEFTSD>2.0.CO;2.
Ainsworth, N.R., Burnett, R.D. and Kontrovitz, M. (1990) Ostracod colour change by thermal alteration, offshore Ireland and Western UK. Mar. Pet. Geol., v.7(3), pp.288–297. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(90)90006-3.
Alberti, M., Fürsich, F. T. and Pandey, D.K. (2012) The Oxfordian stable isotope record (ä 18O, ä 13C) of belemnites, brachiopods, and oysters from the Kachchh Basin (western India) and its potential for palaeoecologic, palaeoclimatic, and palaeogeographic reconstructions. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol, v.344–345, pp.49–68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.05.018.
Alberti, M., Fürsich, F. T., Pandey, D. K., Mukherjee, D., Andersen, N. and Garbe-Schönberg, D. (2022) Middle to Late Jurassic stable isotopes and element ratios of fossils from western India: Developing a reference temperature curve for northeastern Gondwana. Glob. Planet. Change., 212(November 2021). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.103795
Andreu, B., Colin, J.-P. and Singh, J. (2012) Middle and Upper Jurassic Ostracods from Western Kachchh, Gujarat, India: Biostratigraphy and paleobiogeography. Gondwana Res., v.22(3–4), pp.1110–1124. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.01.005
Bate, R.H. (1975) Ostracods from Callovian to Tithonian Sediments of Tanzania, East Africa. Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.), v.26(5), pp.165–220.
Bate, R.H. (1977) Upper Jurassic Ostracoda from Tanzania, East Africa. Annales Des Mines et de La Géologie/République Tunisienne - Ministère de l’Industrie - Office National Des Mines, v.28, pp.163–183.
Bennett, C.E., Williams, M., Leng, M.J., Siveter, D.J., Davies, S.J., Sloane, H.J. and Wilkinson, I.P. (2011). Diagenesis of fossil ostracods/: Implications for stable isotope based palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., v.305(1–4), pp.150–161. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.02.028
Biswas, S. K. (1991) Stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the Mesozoic basin of Kutch, western India. In: S.K. Tandon, C.C. Pant, and S.M. Casshyap (Eds.), Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Evolution of Western India, pp.74–103. Nainital: Gyanodaya Prakashan.
Biswas, S. K. (2016) Mesozoic and Tertiary Stratigraphy of Kutch* (Kachchh)–A Review. Geol. Soc. India Spec. Publ., v.6, pp.1–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.17491/cgsi/2016/105405.
Bouchelaghem, F. (2010) A numerical and analytical study on calcite dissolution and gypsum precipitation. Appl. Math. Model., v.34(2), pp.467–480. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2009.06.004.
Chang, W., Kim, I., Manning, D.P., Bunterngchit, Y., Kim, I., Manning, D.P. and Bunterngchit, Y. (2010) The role of surface roughness in the measurement of slipperiness. Ergonomics., p.0139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/0014013011008556
Folk, R.L. (1965) Some aspects of reerystallization in ancient limestones: Soc. Econ. Pal. Min. Spec. Publ, v.13, pp.13–48.
Golreihan, A., Steuwe, C., Woelders, L., Deprez, A., Fujita, Y., Vellekoop, J., Swennen, R. and Roeffaers, M.B.J. (2018) Improving preservation state assessment of carbonate microfossils in paleontological research using label-free stimulated Raman imaging. PLoS ONE, v.13(7), pp.1–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199695
Grekoff, N. (1963) Contribution à l’étude des ostracodes du Mésozoïque moyen (Bathonien-Valanginien) du Bassin de Majunga, Madagascar. Revue de l’Institut Français Du Pétrole et Annales Des Combustibles Liquides, v.18(12), pp.1709–1762.
Guha, D.K. (1977) On some Mesozoic Ostracoda from subcrops of Banni, Rann of Kutch, India, Proceedings of the 6th Indian Colloquium on Micropalaentology and Stratigraphy, B.H.U., Varanasi, pp.84–90.
Guzel, M. (2012) Jurassic and Early Cretaceous ostracods from Western Australia: what they reveal about evolution of the Indian Ocean. In: Talent, J.A. (Ed.), Earth and Life. International Year of Planet Earth. Springer, Dordrecht. pp.849–882, doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3428-1_30
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S.R. and Mohammed, M.H. (1997) Ostracodes from the Jurassic of Habo Hill Kachchh, Gujarat. Micropaleontol., v.43(1), pp.1–39.
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S. R., Nagori, M. L. and Darwin Felix, A. (2003) The ostracode genus Prognocythere from Jurassic beds of western India. Gondwana Geol. Mag., Spec., v.6, pp.167–174.
Khosla, S. C., Manisha, K., Darwin Felix, A., Jakhar, S. R. and Nagori, M. L. (2005) Middle Jurassic Ostracoda from the northern island belt, Rann of Kachchh, Gujarat, India. Jour. Palaeontol. Soc. India., v.50(1), pp.17–64.
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S.R. Manisha Kumari and Dubey, S. (2006) Middle Jurassic Ostracoda from the Jaisalmer Formation, Jaisalmer District, Rajasthan, India. Jour. Palaeontol. Soc. India, v.51(1), pp.1–31.
Khosla, S.C., Jakhar, S.R. and Manisha Kumari (2009) Atlas of the Middle Jurassic Ostracods from western India, published by The Palaeontological Society of India, p.167.
Kulshreshtha, S.K., Singh, R.Y. and Tewari, B.S. (1985) Ostracode fauna from Kuldhar beds, Jaisalmer, Rajasthan. Bull. Centre Adv. Study. Geol., Panjab University Chandigarh, v.1, pp.123–154.
Lee, K. and Feely, R. A. (2021) Dissolution resolution. Nat. Geosci., v.14(6), pp.356–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-021-00765-6.
Lyubimova, P.S., Guha, D.K. and Mohan, M. (1960) On Ostracoda of Jurassic and Tertiary deposits from Kutch and Rajasthan (Jaisalmer), India. Bull. Geol. Min. Metall. Soc. India, v.22: pp.1–61.
Matter, A. (1974) Burial Diagenesis of Pelitic and Carbonate Deep-Sea Sediments from the Arabian Sea. Initial Rep. Deep. Sea Drill. Proj., v.23, pp.421–469.
Matter, A., Douglas, R. G. and Perch-Nielsen, K. (1975). Fossil Preservation, Geochemistry, and Diagenesis, of Pelagic Carbonates from Shatsky Rise, Northwest Pacific. Initial Rep. Deep Sea Drill. Proj., v.32, pp.891–921. doi:https://doi.org/10.2973/dsdp.proc.32.137.1975
Moore, R.C. (1961) (Ed.) Treatise on invertebrate paleontology, part q; Arthropoda 3, Crustacea, Ostracoda: Geol. Soc. Am., University of Kansas Press. Q442p.
Neale, J.W. and Singh, P. (1986) Jurassic Ostracoda from the Banni well no. 2, Kutch, India. Revista Española de Micropaleontologåa, v.17(3), pp.347–372.
Norris, R. D., Bice, K. L., Magno, E. A. and Wilson, P. A. (2002) Jiggling the tropical thermostat in the Cretaceous hothouse. Geol., v.30(4), pp.299–302.
Norris, R.D. and Wilson, P.A. (1998) Low-latitude sea-surface temperatures for the mid-Cretaceous and the evolution of planktic foraminifera. Geol., v.26(9), pp.823–826.
Ondimu, S. and Murase, H. (2008) Image Processing and Roughness Analysis as a Tool for Quantification of Physiological Well-Being in plants: Results for Sunagoke Moss. IFAC Proc. Vol., v.41(2), pp.641–646. doi:https://doi.org/10.3182/20080706-5-kr-1001.00108.
Pearson, P.N., Ditchfield, P.W., Singano, J., Harcourt-Brown, K.G., Nicholas, C.J., Olsson, R.K., Shackleton, N.J. and Hall, M.A. (2001) Warm tropical sea surface temperatures in the Late Cretaceous and Eocene epochs. Nature, v.413(6855), pp.481–487.
Sexton, P.F., Wilson, P.A. and Pearson, P.N. (2006) Microstructural and geochemical perspectives on planktic foraminiferal preservation: “glassy” versus “frosty.” Geochem. Geophy. Geosystems., v.7(12). doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GC001291
Spray, H. C. (1879) Structure and origin of limestone: Anniversary Address of the President: Geol. Soc. London, Quart. Jour, v.35, pp.56–95.
Talibouya Ba, E.C., Dumont, M.R., Martins, P.S., Drumond, R.M., da Cruz, M.P.M. and Vieira, V.F. (2021) Investigation of the effects of skewness Rsk and kurtosis Rku on tribological behavior in a pin-on-disc test of surfaces machined by conventional milling and turning processes. Mater. Res., v.24(2), pp. 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2020-0435.
Tonietto, L., Gonzaga, L., Veronez, M.R., Kazmierczak, C. de S., Arnold, D.C.M. and Costa, C.A. da. (2019) New Method for Evaluating Surface Roughness Parameters Acquired by Laser Scanning. Sci. Rep., v.9(1), pp. 1–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51545-7.
Urey, H. C., Lowenstam, H. A., Epstein, S. and McKinney, C. R. (1951) Measurement of paleotemperatures and temperatures of the Upper Cretaceous of England, Denmark, and the southeastern United States. Geol. Soc. Amer. Bull., v.62(4), pp.399–416.
Waagen, W. (1875) Jurassic fauna of Kutch. Palaeontologia Indica. Mem. Geol. Surv. India., v.9(1), pp.247.
Wilkin, R. T. and Barnes, H. L. (1997) Formation processes of framboidal pyrite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., v.61(2), pp.323–339. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00320-1
Williams, M., Haywood, A.M., Vautravers, M., Sellwood, B.W., Hillenbrand, C.D., Wilkinson, I.P. and Miller, C.G. (2007). Relative effect of taphonomy on calcification temperature estimates from fossil planktonic foraminifera. Geobios, v.40(6), pp.861–874. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geobios.2007.02.007
Wilson, P.A., Norris, R.D. and Cooper, M.J. (2002) Testing the Cretaceous greenhouse hypothesis using glassy foraminiferal calcite from the core of the Turonian tropics on Demerara Rise. Geol., v.30(7), pp.607–610.
Acknowledgment
The authors express their gratitude to Head of Department, Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, for providing lab facilities and staffs of Central Instrumentation Facility, Pondicherry University, for their support in acquiring SEM images. Author GPM is thankful to University Grant Commission, India (UGC-Ref No: 363/ (CSIR- UGC- NET DEC.2017) for financial support of this work. Author MK wishes to acknowledge the financial support No. SR/FTP/ES-30/2007 of Department of Science and Technology, India.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Ganesh Prasad Muduli has done MSc. in Applied Geology from Sambalpur University. Currently, he is pursuing Ph.D. degree in the Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University. His research interest includes: Micropaleontology, Sedimentology, Shell geochemistry and Geoheritage study. He has contributed towards sample collection and preparation, and image analysis.
T. Mahalakshmi has done MSc in Applied Geology from Pondicherry University, currently pursuing Ph.D. in the Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University. Her research interests include micropaleontology, sedimentology, shell geochemistry. She has contributed towards sample collection and preparation, and SEM image acquisition.
Manisha Kumari, Ph.D. in Micropaleontology from MLS University, Udaipur. She is currently working as Assistant Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences, Pondicherry University. Her research interest includes Ostracode Taxonomy, Biostratigraphy, Paleobiogeography, Paleoenvironment and Shell geochemistry. Her contribution is species identification and systematics writing.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Muduli, G.P., Kumari, M. & Mahalakshmi, T. Evaluation of Degree of Alteration in Fossil Ostracods from Middle Callovian-Lower Oxfordian Beds of Southern Part of Kachchh Basin, Gujarat, India by Characterizing Surface Roughness of the Shell. J Geol Soc India 99, 1445–1457 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2491-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-023-2491-x