Abstract
Tumakuru district of Karnataka state is situated in the semi-arid climatic region which is considered most sensitive area/zone in response to climate change. This study analyses the spatiotemporal changes of meteorological drought in the Tumakuru district during 1951–2019. To understand the spatial and temporal characteristics of drought, annual and seasonal drought trends were examined using standardized precipitation index. Based on three-seasons, pre-monsoon (January–May), southwest monsoon (June–September), northeast monsoon (October–December) the annual SPI were calculated. Characteristics, classification and the threshold value of drought classes were determined. The correlation between precipitation and SPI was similar and showed the strong correlation. The wettest (1962 & 2006), and driest years (1968, 1954, 1965, & 1976) during the study were identified. The higher frequency distribution of the driest years addresses roughly 57% drought years detected for Madhugiri and Tumakuru (1) in SW-monsoon of the total years of study, in pre-monsoon Kunigal have 21.73%, and in NE-monsoon it was 50.72 % at Kunigal. In the district southwest monsoon is long spell rainy season which is contributing 54% of total rainfall and advantageous for early stage of Rabi and maturation of Kharif crops. Maximum evaporation from soil and vegetation measured by potential evaporation which is the criteria of the water consumption by crops. In the event of monsoon failure and very less rainfall during southwest monsoon, farmers could not able to sow new crops and existing rain-fed crops would be decimated.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Anon. (2016) Ground Water Year Book, (September), 102. http://cgwb.gov.in/Regions/GW-year-Books/GWYB-2015-16/GWYBDelhi2015-16.pdf
Aparecido, L.E. de O., Rolim, G. de S., Richetti, J., de Souza, P. S. and Johann, J.A. (2016) Köppen, Thornthwaite and Camargo climate classifications for climatic zoning in the State of Paraná, Brazil. Ciencia e Agrotecnologia, v.40(4), pp.405–417. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542016404003916
Bazrafshan, J., Hejabi, S. and Rahimi, J. (2014) Drought Monitoring Using the Multivariate Standardized Precipitation Index (MSPI). Water Resour. Managmt., v.28(4), pp.1045–1060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0533-2
Beck, H.E., Zimmermann, N.E., McVicar, T.R., Vergopolan, N., Berg, A. and Wood, E.F. (2018). Present and future köppen-geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Scientific Data, v.5, pp.1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2018.214
Chiang, F., Mazdiyasni, O. and Agha Kouchak, A. (2021) Evidence of anthropogenic impacts on global drought frequency, duration, and intensity. Nature Commun., 12(1), pp.1–10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22314-w
Danandeh Mehr, A., Sorman, A. U., Kahya, E. and Hesami Afshar, M. (2020) Climate change impacts on meteorological drought using SPI and SPEI: case study of Ankara, Turkey. Hydrol. Sci. Jour., v.65(2), pp.254–268. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2019.1691218
Das, S. (2020) Natural Resources, Water Harvesting and Drought in Central India. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.95(3), pp.321. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-020-1432-1
Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (2019) Manual for Drought Management, 202p.
Diani, K., Kacimi, I., Zemzami, M., Tabyaoui, H. and Haghighi, A.T. (2019) Evaluation of meteorological drought using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) in the High Ziz River basin, Morocco. Limnolog. Rev., v.19(3), pp.125–135. doi:https://doi.org/10.2478/limre-2019-0011
Dikici, M. (2020) Drought analysis with different indices for the Asi Basin (Turkey). Scientific Reports, v.10(1), pp.1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-77827-z
District Disaster Management Plan Tumkur District (2019) published by District Disaster Management Authority, 343p.
Du, J., Fang, J., Xu, W. and Shi, P. (2013) Analysis of dry/wet conditions using the standardized precipitation index and its potential usefulness for drought/flood monitoring in Hunan Province, China. Stochastic Environ. Res. Risk Assess., v.27(2), pp.377–387. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-012-0589-6
Edossa, D.C., Babel, M.S. and Gupta, A. Das. (2010) Drought analysis in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia. Water Resour. Managmt., v.24(7), pp.1441–1460. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-009-9508-0
Guhathakurta, P., Menon, P., Inkane, P.M., Krishnan, U. and Sable, S.T. (2017) Trends and variability of meteorological drought over the districts of India using standardized precipitation index. Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v.126(8), pp.1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-017-0896-x
Guttman, N.B. (1999) Accepting the standardized precipitation index: A calculation algorithm. Jour. Amer. Water Resour. Assoc., v.35(2), pp.311–322. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.1999.tb03592.x
Howden, S.M., Soussana, J.-F., Tubiello, F.N., Chhetri, N., Dunlop, M., and Meinke, H. (2007) Adapting agriculture to climate change. www.pnas.orgcgidoi10.1073pnas.0701890104
India Meteorological Department. (2021) Rainfall Statistics of India — 2019. India Meteorological Department, ESSO/IMD/H, 97. http://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(ltoit4i1zzdzyo55f25yn5eb))/PRODUCTS/Publications/RainfallStatisticsofIndia—2016/RainfallStatisticsofIndia—2016.pdf%0Ahttp://hydro.imd.gov.in/hydrometweb/(S(c1illuqiw2h03kyy4arlfju0))/PRODUCTS/Publications/R
Jenson, S.K. and Domingue, J.O. (1988) Extracting topographic structure from digital elevation data for geographic information-system analysis. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, v.54(11), 1593–1600. http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70142175
Kallis, G. (2008) Droughts. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, v.33, pp.85–118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.environ.33.081307.123117
Laurencelle, J., Logan, T. and Gens, R. (2015) Alaska Satellite Facility (ASF) — Radiometrically terrain corrected ALOS PALSAR products. ASF-Alaska Satellite Facility, 1.2, 12. https://www.asf.alaska.edu/sar-data/palsar/terrain-corrected-rtc/
Li, R., Tsunekawa, A. and Tsubo, M. (2014) Index-based assessment of agricultural drought in a semi-arid region of Inner Mongolia, China. Jour. Arid Land, v.6(1), pp.3–15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-013-0193-8
Lu, H., Wu, Y., Li, Y. and Liu, Y. (2017) Effects of meteorological droughts on agricultural water resources in southern China. Jour. Hydrol., v.548, pp.419–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.021
Mckee, T.B., Doesken, N. J. and Kleist, J. (1993) The relationship of drought frequency and duration to time scales. Eighth Conference on Applied Climatology.
Mishra, A. K. and Singh, V. P. (2009) Analysis of drought severity-area-frequency curves using a general circulation model and scenario uncertainty. Jour. Geophys. Res. Atmosp., v.114(6), 1–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010986
Mishra, Ashok K. and Singh, V.P. (2010) A review of drought concepts. Jour. Hydrol., v.391(1–2), pp.202–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.07.012
Mishra, S.S. and Nagarajan, R. (2011) Spatio-temporal drought assessment in Tel river basin using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and GIS. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, v.2(1), pp.79–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2010.533703
Naresh Kumar, M., Murthy, C.S., Sesha Sai, M.V.R. and Roy, P.S. (2012) Spatiotemporal analysis of meteorological drought variability in the Indian region using standardized precipitation index. Meteorological Applications, v.19(2), pp.256–264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/met.277
Pai, D. S., Sridhar, L., Rajeevan, M., Sreejith, O. P., Satbhai, N. S. and Mukhopadyay, B. (2014) Development of a new high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) Long Period (1901–2010) daily gridded rainfall data set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the region data sets of different spatial resolutions and time period, 1(January), pp.1–18.
Peters, E. (2003) Propagation of drought through groundwater systems. http://www.geo.uio.no/edc/downloads/phdpeters.pdf
Policy Statement. (1997). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, v.78(5), pp.847–852. doi:https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-78.5.847
Rahman, A.T.M.S., Jahan, C.S., Mazumder, Q.H., Kamruzzaman, M. and Hosono, T. (2017) Drought analysis and its implication in sustainable water resource management in Barind area, Bangladesh. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.89(1), pp.47–56. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0557-3
Rossi, G., Benedini, M., Tsakiris, G., & Giakoumakis, S. (1992). On regional drought estimation and analysis. Water Resour. Managmt., v.6(4), pp.249–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00872280
Sah, R.K. and Das, A.K. (2017) Overcoming source limitations in drainage delineation by combining the streams of toposheet and DEM in river morphometric studies. Jour. Geol. Soc. India, v.90(2), pp.183–186. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-017-0697-5
Salehnia, N., Alizadeh, A., Sanaeinejad, H., Bannayan, M., Zarrin, A. and Hoogenboom, G. (2017) Estimation of meteorological drought indices based on AgMERRA precipitation data and station-observed precipitation data. Jour. Arid Land, v.9(6), pp.797–809. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-017-0070-y
Sciences, E. (2021) Government of India Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) Climate Research and Services (CRS) Statement on Climate of India during 2020, 2010, 1–5. https://public.wmo.int/en/our-mandate/climate/wmo-
Spinoni, J., Naumann, G., Carrao, H., Barbosa, P. and Vogt, J. (2014) World drought frequency, duration, and severity for 1951–2010. Internat. Jour. Climatol., v.34(8), pp.2792–2804. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3875
Tilman, D., Balzer, C., Hill, J. and Befort, B.L. (2011) Global food demand and the sustainable intensification of agriculture. Proc Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, v.108(50), pp.20260–20264. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1116437108
Tobler, W. R. (1970). A Computer Movie Simulating Urban Growth in the Detroit Region. Econ. Geography, v.46, pp.234. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/143141
Tsakiris, G. and Vangelis, H. (2004) Towards a Drought Watch System based on spatial SPI. Water Resour. Managmt., v.18(1), pp.1–12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WARM.0000015410.47014.a4
UNESCO IHE. (2011) Drought Vulnerability Assessment in Kenya, 33p.
Van Loon, A.F. (2015). Hydrological drought explained. WIREs Water, v.2(4), pp.359–392. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1085
Wilhite, Mickey G. (1985). The Drought Phenomenon. Water Internat., v.10(3), pp.37–41.
Wu, Y. E., Hung, M., Wu, Y. E. and Hung, M. (2016) Comparison of Spatial Interpolation Techniques Using Visualization and Quantitative Assessment. doi:https://doi.org/10.5772/65996
Zakhem, B. A. and Kattaa, B. (2016) Investigation of hydrological drought using cumulative standardized precipitation index (SPI 30) in the eastern Mediterranean region (Damascus, Syria). Jour. Earth Syst. Sci., v.125(5), pp.969–984. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-016-0703-0
Zerouali, B., Chettih, M., Abda, Z., Mesbah, M., Santos, C.A G., Brasil Neto, R.M. and da Silva, R.M. (2021). Spatiotemporal meteorological drought assessment in a humid Mediterranean region: case study of the Oued Sebaou basin (northern central Algeria). Natural Hazards. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-021-04701-0
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to the India Meteorological Department for sharing the meteorological data. The authors are thankful to Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta for providing the research fellowship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumar, S., Ahmed, S.A., Harishnaika, N. et al. Spatial and Temporal Pattern Assessment of Meteorological Drought in Tumakuru District of Karnataka during 1951–2019 using Standardized Precipitation Index. J Geol Soc India 98, 822–830 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2073-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2073-3