Abstract
This paper presents results from ground penetrating radar surveys using the SIR-10B GPR instrument (manufactured by Geophysical Survey System Inc., USA), with 400 MHz monostatic antenna (model 5 103). Survey was made over 3 excavation levels along the highway section at the Ras en Naqab escarpment area, Southwest Jordan. A total of 217 m along 4 profiles were covered in the winter of 2012. The objectives of the study are (i) to evaluate the resolution of the GPR technique in the field for detecting and locating anomalies caused by subsurface structures like cavities, fractures and faults, and (ii) to describe stratigraphic nomenclature of the subsurface rocks of the area. 2D interpretation of the obtained data and the geological information demonstrate a strong correlation between the GPR anomalies and the subsurface geology. Based upon the lateral and vertical velocity changes with depth, the thickness and orientation of the subsurface layers are outlined. Analysis of the exposed section shows good agreement between the estimated thicknesses of lithostratigraphic units and the quantitative assessment of the radar waves velocity inferred from GPR data.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References Cited
Annan, A. P., Bauman, P., Greenhouse, J., et al., 1991. Geophysics and DNAPLs. Groundwater Management, 5: 963–977
Arcone, S., Lawson, D. L., Delaney, A. J., et al., 1998. Ground-Penetrating Radar Reflection Profiling of Groundwater and Bedrock in an Area of Discontinuous Permafrost. Geophysics, 63: 1573–1584
Barjous, M., 1995. Geological Map of Petra and Wadi Al Lahyana. Map Sheet Nos. 3050 I and 3050 IV. Geological Mapping Division, Natural Resources Authority, Jordan
Barnhardt, W., Kayen, R., 2000. Radar Structure of Earthquake-Induced, Coastal Landslides in Anchorage, Alaska. Environmental Geosciences, 7: 38–45
Batayneh, A., Abueladas, A., Moumani, K., 2002. Use of Ground-Penetrating Radar for Assessment of Potential Sinkhole Conditions: An Example from Ghor al Haditha Area, Jordan. Environmental Geology, 41: 977–983
Batayneh, A. T., Al-Diabat, A. A., 2002. Application of 2D Electrical Tomography Technique for Investigating Landslides along Amman-Dead Sea Highway, Jordan. Environmental Geology, 42: 399–403
Batayneh, A. T., Al-Zoubi, A. S., 2000. Detection of a Solution Cavity Adjacent to a Highway in Southwest Jordan Using Electrical Resistivity Methods. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 5: 25–30
Batayneh, A. T., Barjous, M. O., 2003. A Case Study of Dipole-Dipole Resistivity for Geotechnical Engineering from the Ras en Naqab Area, South Jordan. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 8: 31–38
Batayneh, A. T., Haddadin, G. S., Toubasi, U. M., 1999. Using the Head-on Resistivity Method for Shallow Rock Fracture Investigations, Ajlun, Jordan. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, 4: 179–184
Benson, A., 1995. Application of Ground Penetrating Radar in Assessing Some Geological Hazards: Examples of Groundwater Contamination, Faults, Cavities. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33: 177–193
Beres, M., Haeni, F., 1991. Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar Methods in Hydrogeologic Studies. Ground Water, 29: 375–386
Birken, R., Versteeg, R., 2000. Use of Four-Dimensional Ground Penetrating Radar and Advanced Visualization Methods to Determine Subsurface Fluid Migration. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 43: 215–226
Bonomo, N., Cedrina, L., Osella, A., et al., 2009. GPR Prospecting in a Prehispanic Village, NW Argentina. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 67: 80–87
Buynevich, I. V., Fitzgerald, D. M., 2003. High-Resolution Subsurface (GPR) Imaging and Sedimentology of Coastal Ponds, Maine, USA: Implications for Holocene Back-Barrier Evolution. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 73: 559–571
Cai, J., McMechan, G., Fisher, M., 1996. Application of Ground-Penetrating Radar to Investigation of Near-Surface Fault Properties in the San Francisco Bay Region. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 86: 1459–1470
Carrozzo, M. T., Leucci, G., Negri, S., et al., 2003. GPR Survey to Understand the Stratigraphy at the Roman Ships Archaeological Site (Pisa, Italy). Archaeological Prospection, 10: 57–72
Chu, D., Gordon, R. G., 1998. Current Plate Motions across the Red Sea. Geophysical Journal International, 135: 313–328
Daniels, D. J., 2004. Ground Penetrating Radar. 2nd Edition, The Institute of Electrical Engineers, London. 760
Daniels, J., Roberts, R., Vendl, M., 1995. Ground Penetrating Radar for the Detection of Liquid Contaminants. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 33: 195–207
Diabat, A., 2002. Strain Analysis of the Cretaceous Rocks in the Eastern Margin of the Dead Sea Transform, Jordan. Dirasat, 29: 159–172
Diabat, A. A., Atallah, M., Salih, M. R., 2004. Paleostress Analysis of the Cretaceous Rocks in the Eastern Margin of the Dead Sea Transform. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 38: 449–460
Denizman, C., Brevik, E. C., Doolittle, J., 2010. Ground-Penetrating Radar Investigation of a Rapidly Developed Small Island in a Lake in Southern Georgia, USA. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, 72: 94–99
Endres, A. L., Clement, W. P., Rudolph, D. L., 2000. Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging of an Aquifer during a Pumping Test. Ground Water, 38: 566–76
Imai, T., Sakayama, T., Kanemori, T., 1987. Use of Ground-Probing Radar and Resistivity Surveys for Archaeological Investigations. Geophysics, 52: 137–150
Joffe, S., Garfunkel, Z., 1987. Plate Kinematics of the Circum Red Sea. Are Evaluation. Tectonophysics, 141: 5–22
Klinger, Y., Avouac, J. P., Abou Karaki, N., et al., 2000. Slip Rate on the Dead Sea Transform Fault in Northern Araba Valley. Geophysical Journal International, 142: 755–768
Knight, R., 2001. Ground Penetrating Radar for Environmental Applications. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 29: 229–255
Liner, C., Liner, J., 1997. Application of GPR to a Site Investigation Involving Shallow Faults. Leading Edge, 16: 1649–1651
McMechan, G. A., Louks, R., Zeng, X., et al., 1998. Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging of a Collapsed Paleocave System in the Ellenburger Dolomite, Central Texas. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 39: 1–10
Mulder, W. A., ten Kroode, A. P. E., 2002. Automatic Velocity Analysis by Differential Semblance Optimization. Geophysics, 67: 1184–1191
Nobes, D. C., Ferguson, R. J., Brierley, G. J., 2001. Ground-Penetrating Radar and Sedimentological Analysis of Holocene Floodplains: Insight from the Tuross Valley, New South Wales. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 48: 347–355
Saarenketo, T., Scullion, T., 2000. Road Evaluation with Ground Penetrating Radar. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 43: 119–138
Shapira, A., Hofstetter, A., 1993. Source Parameters and Scaling Relationships of Earthquakes in Israel. Tectonophysics, 217: 217–226
Smith, D., 1986. Application of the Pole-Dipole Resistivity Technique to the Detection of Solution Cavities beneath Highways. Geophysics, 51: 833–837
Taner, M. T., Koehler, F., 1969. Velocity Spectra-Digital Computer Derivation and Applications of Velocity Functions. Geophysics, 34: 859–881
van Leeuwen, T., Mulder, W. A., 2008. Velocity Analysis Based on Data Correlation. Geophysical Prospecting, 56: 791–803
van Overmeeren, R., 1998. Radar Facies of Unconsolidated Sediments in the Netherlands: A Radar Stratigraphy Interpretation Method for Hydrogeology. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 40: 1–18
Vaughan, C., 1986. Ground-Penetrating Radar Surveys Used in Archaeological Investigations. Geophysics, 51: 595–604
Wolf, L., Collier, J., Tuttle, M., et al., 1998. Geophysical Reconnaissance of Earthquake-Induced Liquefaction Features in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 39: 121–129
Yilmaz, O., 1987. Seismic Data Processing. Society of Exploration Geophysics, Tulsa. 525
Zain Eldeen, U., Delvaux, D., Jacobs, P., 2002. Tectonic Evolution in the Wadi Araba Segment of the Dead Sea Rift, Southwest Jordan. EGU Stephan Mueller Special Publication Series, 2: 63–81
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Batayneh, A.T., Zumlot, T., Ghrefat, H. et al. The use of ground penetrating radar for mapping rock stratigraphy and tectonics: Implications for geotechnical engineering. J. Earth Sci. 25, 895–900 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0475-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-014-0475-x