Abstract
Perilla (Perilla frutescens), an herbal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, has long been cultivated in Asia. Perilla is notable as an aroma-rich leaf vegetable and as the oilseed crop richest in omega-3 fatty acids. However, molecular analysis of this herbal plant is lacking due to insufficient genetic resources. Here, we constructed a normalized cDNA library from whole young perilla plants and analyzed expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A total of 4,582 uniESTs were generated from analysis of 5,435 ESTs. Among these, 307 uniESTs (6.7%) were identified as unique in perilla and 3,625 uniESTs were assigned at least one GO term through similarity searches in public databases. The most frequent GO terms were related to abiotic and biotic stress responses. In addition, we identified 141 uniESTs involved in lipid metabolism, of which four genes encoded fatty acid desaturases. We found one new candidate omega-3 fatty acid desaturase gene, in addition to the four that were previously reported. This analysis of uniESTs from perilla provides a valuable genetic resource to elucidate the molecular underpinnings of lipid metabolism and for molecular breeding of perilla species.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Myers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic local alignment search tool. J Mol Biol 215:403–410
Asif M (2011) Health effects of omega-3,6,9 fatty acids: Perilla frutescens is a good example of plant oils. Orient Pharm Exp Med 11:51–59
Bedigian D, Seigler DS, Harlan JR (1985) Sesamin, sesamolin and the origin of sesame. Biochem Syst Ecol 13:133–139
Chung CH, Kim JL, Lee YC, Choi YL (1999) Cloning and characterization of a seed-specific omega-3 fatty acid desaturase cDNA from Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol 40:114–118
Conesa A, Götz S, García-Gómez JM, Terol J, Talón M, Robles M (2005) Blast2GO: a universal tool for annotation, visualization and analysis in functional genomics research. Bioinformatics 21:3674–3676
Deng YM, Xie QM, Zhang SJ, Yao HY, Zhang H (2007) Antiasthmatic effects of perilla seed oil in the guinea pig in vitro and in vivo. Planta Med 73:53–58.
Diao Y, Miao Y, Lin X, Liao C, Guo F, Hu Z (2009) Comparative analysis of five varieties in Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton by 45S rDNA FISH and 5S rDNA sequences. Genetika 45:506–510
Feng LJ, Yu CH, Ying KJ, Hua J, Dai XY (2011) Hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of total flavonoids of Perilla frutescens leaves in hyperlipidenia rat induced by high-fat diet. Food Research International 44:404–409
Gwak YH, Kwon JK, Kim SD, Kim HK, Park CB, Bae SB, Bae SD, Oh KO, Yun ES, Lee DC, Lee MH, Jeong CS, Choi YH, Hong YK (2003) Dlggae. Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea
Ha TH, Lee JH, Lee MH, Lee BW, Kwon HS, Park CH, Shim KB, Kim HT, Baek IY, Jang DS (2012) Isolation and identification of phenolic compounds from the seeds of Perilla frutescens (L.) and their inhibitory activities against a-glucosidase and aldose reductase. Food Chemistry 135:1317–1403
Hwang SK, Hwang YS (2000) Molecular cloning and functional expression of Perilla frutescens 3-ketoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase III. Mol Cells 10:375–381
Hwang SK, Kim KH, Hwang YS (2000) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthases in the immature seeds of Perilla frutescens. Mol Cells 10:533–539
Ichihara K, Suda Y (2003) Lipid biosynthesis in developing perilla seeds. Phytochemistry 63:139–143
Igarashi M, Miyazaki Y (2013) A review on bioactivities of perilla: progress in research on the functions of perilla as medicine and food. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2013:Article ID 925342http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/925342
Jun HI, Kim BT, Song GS, Kim YS (2014) Structural characterization of phenolic antioxidants from purple perilla (Perilla frutescens var. acuta) leaves. Food Chemistry 148:367–372
Kang R, Helms R, Stout MJ, Jaber H, Chen Z, Nakatsu T (1992) Antimicrobial activity of the volatile constituents of Perilla frutescens and its sysnergistic effects with polygodial. J Agric Food Chem 40:2326–2330
Ke T, Dong C, Mao H, Zhao Y, Chen H, Liu H, Dong X, Tong C, Liu S. (2011) Analysis of expression sequence tags from a fulllength- enriched cDNA library of developing sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum). BMC Plant Biol 11:180
Kitada C, Gong Z, Tanaka Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K (2001) Differential expression of two cytochrome P450s involved in the biosynthesis of flavones and anthocyanins in chemo-varietal forms of Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol 42:1338–1344
Lee JK, Nitta M, Kim NS, Park CH, Yoon KM, Shin YB, Ohnishi O (2002) Genetic diversity of perilla and related weedy types in Korea determined by AFLP analyses. Crop Sci 42:2161–2166
Lee JK, Ohnishi O (2001) Geographic differentiation of morphological characters among perilla crops and their weedy types in East Asia. Breed Sci 51:247–255
Lee JK, Ohnishi O (2003) Genetic relationships among cultivated types of Perilla frutescens and their weedy types in East Asia revealed by AFLP markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 50:65–74
Li-Beisson Y, Shorrosh B, Beisson F, Andersson MX, Arondel V, Bates PD, Baud S, Bird D, Debono A, Durrett TP, Franke RB, Graham IA, Katayama K, Kelly AA, Larson T, Markham JE, Miquel M, Molina I, Nishida I, Rowland O, Samuels L, Schmid KM, Wada H, Welti R, Xu C, Zallot R, Ohlrogge J (2013) Acyllipid metabolism. Arabidopsis Book. 11:e0161
Lin ES, Chou HJ, Kuo PL, Huang YC (2010) Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of methanolic extracts of Perilla frutescens. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 46:477–483
Los DM, Murata N (1998) Structure and expression of fatty acid desaturases. Biochim Biophys Acta 1394:3–15
Makino T (1961) Makino’s new illustrated flora of Japan. Hokuryukan, Tokyo (in Japanese)
Makino T, Furuta Y, Wakushima H, Fujii H, Saito K, Kano Y (2003) Anti-allergic effect of Perilla frutescens its active constituent. Phytother Res 17:240–243
Mau CJ, Karp F, Ito M, Honda G, Croteau RB (2010) A candidate cDNA clone for (-)-limonene-7-hydroxylase from Perilla frutescens. Phytochemistry 71:373–379
Meng L, Loazno YF, Gaydou EM, Li B (2009) Antioxidant activities of polyphenols extracted from Perilla frutescens varieties. Molecules 14:133–140
Nam SH, Kim DW, Jung TS, Choi YS, Kim DW, Choi HS, Choi SH, Park HS (2009) PESTAS: a web server for EST analysis and sequence mining. Bioinformatics 25:1846–1848
Nitta M (2001) Origin of Perilla crops and their weedy type. Ph.D. Thesis, Kyoto University, Kyoto
Nitta M, Ohnishi O (1999) Genetic relationships among two Perilla crops, shiso and egoma, and the weedy type revealed by RAPD markers. Jpn J Genet 74:43–48
Oh JH, Sohn HY, Kim JM, Kim YS, Kim NS (2004) Construction of multi-purpose vectors, pCNS and pCNS-D2, are suitable for collection and functional study of large-scale cDNAs. Plasmid 51:217–226
Ohlrogge J, Browse J (1995) Lipid biosynthesis. Plant Cell 7:957–970
Onogi N, Okuno M, Komaki C, Moriwaki H, Kawamori T, Tanaka T, Mori H, Muto T (1996) Suppressing effect of perilla oil on azoxymethane-induced foci of colonic aberrant crypts in rats. Carcinogenesis 17:1291–1296
Rudd S (2003) Expressed sequence tags: alternative or complement to whole genome sequences? Trends Plant Sci 8:321–329
Sadi AM, Toda T, Oku H, Hokama S (1996) Dietary effects of corn oil, oleic acid, Perilla oil, and primrose oil on plasma and hepatic lipid level and atherosclerosis in Japanese quail. Exp Anim 45:55–62
Saita E, Kishimoto Y, Tani M, Iizuka M, Toyozaki M, Sugihara N, Kondo K (2012) Antioxidant activities of Perilla frutescens against low-density lipoprotein oxidation in vitro and inhuman subjects. J Oleo Sci 61:113–120
Seo PJ, Lee SB, Suh MC, Park MJ, Go YS, Park CM (2011). The MYB96 transcription factor regulates cuticular wax biosynthesis under drought conditions in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 23:1138–1152
Sompornpailin K, Makita Y, Yamazaki M, Saito K (2002) A WDrepeat-containing putative regulatory protein in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Perilla frutescens. Plant Mol Biol 50:485–495
Upchurch RG (2008) Fatty acid unsaturation, mobilization, and regulation in the response of plants to stress. Biotechnol Lett 30:967–977
Varshney RK, Nayak SN, May GD, Jackson SA (2009) Next-generation sequencing technologies and their implications for crop genetics and breeding. Trends Biotechnol 27:522–530
Yamazaki M, Saito K (2006) Isolation and characterization of anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase in Perilla frutescens var. crispa by differential display. Methods Mol Biol 317:255–266
Yamazaki M, Saito K (2011) Molecular genetic study on the anthocyanin chemotypes of Perilla frutescens var. crispa. Nat Prod Commun 6:423–427
Yamazaki M, Yamagishi E, Gong Z, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fukui Y, Tanaka Y, Kusumi T, Yamaguchi M, Saito K (2002) Two flavonoid glucosyltransferases from Petunia hybrida: molecular cloning, biochemical properties and developmentally regulated expression. Plant Mol Biol4 8:401–411
Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Tanaka Y, Fukuchi-Mizutani M, Fujiwara H, Fukui Y, Ashikari T, Murakami Y, Yamaguchi M, Kusumi T (2000) Molecular and biochemical characterization of a novel hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside-6′-Oacyltransferase from Perilla frutescens. Plant Cell Physiol 41:495–502
Yu HC, Kosuna K, Haga M (2004) Perilla: The Genus Perilla. Taylor & Francis 11 New Fetter Lane, London
Wang L, Yu S, Tong C, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Song C, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang Y, Hua W, Li D, Li D, Li F, Yu J, Xu C, Han X, Huang S, Tai S, Wang J, Xu X, Li Y, Liu S, Varshney RK, Wang J, Zhang X (2014) Genome sequencing of the high oil crop sesame provides insight into oil biosynthesis. Genome Biol 15:R39
Zhang T, Li L, Hu F, Zhao X, Fu B, Yang D (2012) Analysis of ESTs from a normalized cDNA library of the rhizome tip of Oryza longistaminata. J Plant Biol 55:33–42
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Equal contribution
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, SC., Lee, J., Kim, NH. et al. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from a normalized cDNA library of perilla (Perilla frutescens). J. Plant Biol. 57, 312–320 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-014-0263-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-014-0263-2