Abstract
Thermophoretic deposition of particles in turbulent duct flow is of significant relevance in energy and thermal engineering applications. However, conjugate heat transfer (CHT) was commonly not considered in the previous studies, but may have crucial influences on particle deposition behaviors. Therefore, thermophoretic particle deposition in turbulent duct flow with and without CHT was numerically investigated by using \(\overline {v{\prime ^{_2}}} - f\) turbulence model and discrete particle model (DPM) with a modified discrete random walk method. After grid independence study and numerical verification, several important influencing factors on particle deposition velocity were studied, such as flow Reynolds number, temperature difference between inlet hot air and cool wall, thermal conductivity ratio and width ratio of solid and fluid domain. The thermophoresis greatly increases deposition velocity of small particles but has no influence on large particles. The critical particle relaxation time \(\tau _{\rm{p}}^ + \) for thermophoresis effect is 20, which is the same for all the cases in this study. The corresponding particle diameter is 28 µm. The thermophoretic deposition is enhanced when the flow Reynolds number and temperature difference between air and wall increase. This is because the wall-normal temperature variety is higher for large Reynolds number and temperature difference, which can enhance thermophoretic deposition. However, CHT reduces the thermophoretic deposition by decreasing temperature difference in fluid region. Besides, higher thermal conductivity ratio and width ratio of solid and fluid domain will decrease the thermophoretic deposition, as thermal conduction in solid domain becomes more intense.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- A :
-
area of particle deposition
- B :
-
thickness of solid wall
- C c :
-
Cunningham correction factor
- C 0 :
-
mean particle concentration
- C D :
-
drag coefficient of particle
- C ps :
-
specific pressure heat of solid wall
- d p :
-
diameter of dust particle
- f :
-
an elliptic equation for the relaxation function
- f c :
-
fanning friction factor
- g :
-
gravitational acceleration
- H :
-
width of half duct
- J :
-
particle deposition number
- k :
-
turbulent kinetic energy
- K c :
-
Saffman’s lift force coefficient
- N d :
-
number of dust deposited on the walls
- N 0 :
-
total particle number
- Re :
-
Reynolds number
- Re p :
-
particle Reynolds number
- s ij :
-
deformation tensor
- S :
-
ratio of particle-to-fluid density
- S 0 :
-
spectral intensity of a Gaussian white noise random process
- S E :
-
volumetric heat source in solid domain
- t d :
-
time period of dust deposition
- T s :
-
temperature of solid domain
- T f :
-
ttemperature of fluid domain
- U mean :
-
mean velocity of air
- U free :
-
freestream velocity of air
- u g :
-
velocity of fluid
- u p :
-
velocity of particle
- u* :
-
frictional velocity of air
- v′:
-
wall-normal fluctuating velocity of air
- \(\overline {v{\prime ^{_2}}}\) :
-
wall-normal stress of flow
- V :
-
volume of duct flow
- V d :
-
particle deposition velocity
- \(V_{\rm{d}}^ + \) :
-
dimensionless particle deposition velocity
- ρ g :
-
density of fluid
- ρ p :
-
density of particle
- ρ s :
-
density of solid wall
- ζ :
-
normal distributed random number
- ν :
-
kinetic viscosity of air
- τ :
-
particle relaxation time
- Δt :
-
time step
- λ s :
-
thermal conductivity of solid domain
- λ f :
-
thermal conductivity of fluid domain
- \(\tau _{\rm{p}}^ + \) :
-
dimensionless particle relaxation time
References
Bakanov SP (1991). Thermophoresis in gases at small Knudsen numbers. Aerosol Science and Technology, 15: 77–92.
Chen S, Gong W, Yan YY (2018). Conjugate natural convection heat transfer in an open-ended square cavity partially filled with porous media. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 124: 368–380.
Cheng YS (1997). Wall deposition of radon progeny and particles in a spherical chamber. Aerosol Science and Technology, 27: 131–146.
Dong YH, Chen LF (2011). The effect of stable stratification and thermophoresis on fine particle deposition in a bounded turbulent flow. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 54: 1168–1178.
Durbin PA (1995). Separated flow computations with the k-epsilon-v-squared model. AIAA Journal, 33: 659–664.
El-Shobokshy MS (1983). Experimental measurements of aerosol deposition to smooth and rough surfaces. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 17: 639–644.
FLUENT (2009). FLUENT 12.0 User’s Guide. Lebanon, NH, USA: FLUENT Inc.
Friedlander SK, Johnstone HF (1957). Deposition of suspended particles from turbulent gas streams. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, 49: 1151–1156.
Gao N, Niu J, He Q, Zhu T, Wu J (2012). Using RANS turbulence models and Lagrangian approach to predict particle deposition in turbulent channel flows. Building and Environment, 48: 206–214.
He C, Ahmadi G (1998). Particle deposition with thermophoresis in laminar and turbulent duct flows. Aerosol Science and Technology, 29: 525–546.
Lai ACK (2002). Particle deposition indoors: A review. Indoor Air, 12: 211–214.
Lee KW, Gieseke JA (1994). Deposition of particles in turbulent pipe flows. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25: 699–709.
Lee BU, Sub Byun D, Bae GN, Lee JH (2006). Thermophoretic deposition of ultrafine particles in a turbulent pipe flow: Simulation of ultrafine particle behaviour in an automobile exhaust pipe. Journal of Aerosol Science, 37: 1788–1796.
Liu BYH, Agarwal JK (1974). Experimental observation of aerosol deposition in turbulent flow. Journal of Aerosol Science, 5: 145–155.
Liu R, You C, Yang R, Wang J (2010). Direct numerical simulation of kinematics and thermophoretic deposition of inhalable particles in turbulent duct flows. Aerosol Science and Technology, 44: 1146–1156.
Lu H, Lu L (2015a). A numerical study of particle deposition in ribbed duct flow with different rib shapes. Building and Environment, 94: 43–53.
Lu H, Lu L (2015b). Effects of rib spacing and height on particle deposition in ribbed duct air flows. Building and Environment, 92: 317–327.
Lu H, Lu L (2016). CFD investigation on particle deposition in aligned and staggered ribbed duct air flows. Applied Thermal Engineering, 93: 697–706.
Lu H, Lu L, Jiang Y (2017). Numerical study of monodispersed particle deposition rates in variable-section ducts with different expanding or contracting ratios. Applied Thermal Engineering, 110: 150–161.
Majlesara M, Salmanzadeh M, Ahmadi G (2013). A model for particles deposition in turbulent inclined channels. Journal of Aerosol Science, 64: 37–47.
Olufade AO, Simonson CJ (2018). Application of indirect non-invasive methods to detect the onset of crystallization fouling in a liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 127: 663–673.
Partankar SV (1980). Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Washington, DC: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation.
Postma AK, Schwendiman LC (1960). Studies in micrometrics: I. Particle deposition in conduits as a source of error in aerosol sampling. Report HW-65308. Richland, WA, USA: Hanford Laboratory.
Romay FJ, Takagaki SS, Pui DYH, Liu BYH (1998). Thermophoretic deposition of aerosol particles in turbulent pipe flow. Journal of Aerosol Science, 29: 943–959.
Shimada M, Okuyama K, Asai M (1993). Depostition of submicron aerosol particles in turbulent and transitional flow. AIChE Journal, 39: 17–26.
Sippola MR, Nazaroff WW (2004). Experiments measuring particle deposition from fully developed turbulent flow in ventilation ducts. Aerosol Science and Technology, 38: 914–925.
Thakurta DG, Chen M, McLaughlin JB, Kontomaris K (1998). Thermophoretic deposition of small particles in a direct numerical simulation of turbulent channel flow. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 41: 4167–4182.
Tian L, Ahmadi G (2007). Particle deposition in turbulent duct flows—Comparisons of different model predictions. Journal of Aerosol Science, 38: 377–397.
Wang X, You C, Liu R, Yang R (2011). Particle deposition on the wall driven by turbulence, thermophoresis and particle agglomeration in channel flow. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 33: 2821–2828.
Wells C, Chamberlain C (1967). Transport of small particles to vertical surfaces. British Journal of Applied Physics, 18: 1793–1799.
Zhang LZ (2015). Transient and conjugate heat and mass transfer in hexagonal ducts with adsorbent walls. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 84: 271–281.
Zhang Z, Chen Q (2009). Prediction of particle deposition onto indoor surfaces by CFD with a modified Lagrangian method. Atmospheric Environment, 43: 319–328.
Zhao B, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang X, Huang D (2004). Comparison of indoor aerosol particle concentration and deposition in different ventilated rooms by numerical method. Building and Environment, 39: 1–8.
Zhao B, Wu J (2006). Modeling particle deposition from fully developed turbulent flow in ventilation duct. Atmospheric Environment, 40: 457–466.
Zhao B, Yang C, Yang X, Liu S (2008). Particle dispersion and deposition in ventilated rooms: Testing and evaluation of different Eulerian and Lagrangian models. Building and Environment, 43: 388–397.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate the financial supports provided by the National Key Research and Development Program (No. 2017YFE0116100), the “Xinghua Scholar Talents Plan” of South China University of Technology (D6191420) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (D2191930). It is also supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 51425601) and the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province: Guangdong-Hong Kong Technology Cooperation Funding Scheme (TCFS), No. 2017B050506005.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lu, H., Zhang, Lz. & Cai, Rr. Numerical investigation on thermophoretic deposition of particles in turbulent duct flow with conjugate heat transfer: Analysis of influencing factors. Build. Simul. 13, 387–399 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0582-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-019-0582-9