Abstract
The characteristics of particulate emission, in relation to factors such as fuel, injection type, after-treatment system and test cycle, were investigated. Five light-duty vehicles with different fuel, injection types and after-treatment systems - Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Gasoline (Port Injection/Direct injection), and Diesel (with/without Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)) - were tested on Federal Test Procedure (FTP) -75 and Highway Fuel Economy Test (HWFET) cycles. Particulate emissions were measured using a TSI 3090 Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer (EEPS) and Horiba Solid Particulate Counting system (SPCS). For the FTP-75 cycle, the DPF-equipped diesel vehicle showed the lowest particulate emission for the EEPS system, while CNG showed the lowest emission for the SPCS system due to the difference between the two measurement systems. However, the DPF-equipped diesel showed the least PN emission for both EEPS and SPCS method on the HWFET test cycle. Except for the DPF-equipped diesel, fuels with lighter molecular weight generated fewer particulates. Aside from fuel-type, the status of the engine was the most important factor determining particulate emission. When the engine was cold, a large number of particulates is formed regardless of engine-operating conditions. In contrast, warm engines form particulates only if the load on the engine is high enough, and the absolute magnitude is also lower than during the cold-start condition.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Choi, K., Kim, J., Myung, C. L., Lee, M., Kwon, S., Lee, Y. and Park, S. (2012). Effect of the mixture preparation on the nanoparticle characteristics of gasoline directinjection vehicles. Proc. Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 226, 1514–1524.
Giechaskiela, B., Mamakosb, A., Anderssonc, J., Dilarab, P., Martinib, G., Schindlera, W. and Bergmanna, A. (2012). Measurement of automotive nonvolatile particle number emissions within the european legislative framework: A review. Aerosol Sci. and Technol. 46, 7, 719–749.
Giechaskiel, B., Chirico, R., DeCarlo, P., Clairotte, M., Adam, T., Martini, G., Heringa, M., Richter, R., Prevot, A., Baltensperger, U. and Astorga, C. (2010). Evaluation of the particle measurement programme (PMP) protocol to remove the vehicles' exhaust aerosol volatile phase. Sci. Total Environment, 408, 5106–5116.
Kim, J., Choi, K., Myung, C. L., Lee, M., Lee, Y. and Park, S. (2013). Comparative investigation of regulated emissions and nano-particle characteristics of light duty vehicles using various fuels for the FTP-75 and the NEDC mode. Fuel, 106, 335–343.
Myung, C. L. and Park, S. (2012). Exhaust nanoparticle emission from internal combustion engines: A review. Int. J. Automotive Technology 13, 1, 9–22.
Oh, C. and Cha, G. (2013). Influence of oxygenate content on particulate matter emission in gasoline direct injection engine. Int. J. Automotive Technology 14, 6, 829–836.
Piock, W., Hoffmann, G., Berndorfer, A., Salemi, P. and Fussholler, B. (2011). Strategies towards meeting future particulate matter emission requirements in homogenous gasoline direct injection engines. SAE Paper No. 2011-01-1212.
Ristovski, Z. D., Morawaska, L., Hitchins, J., Thomas, S., Greenway, C. and Gilbert, D. (2000). Particle emissions from compressed natural gas engines. J. Aerosol Sci. 31, 4, 403–413.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Oh, C., Cha, G. Impact of fuel, injection type and after-treatment system on particulate emissions of light-duty vehicles using different fuels on FTP-75 and HWFET test cycles. Int.J Automot. Technol. 16, 895–901 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-015-0091-5
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12239-015-0091-5