Abstract
Fiber metal laminate (FML) is gaining increased interest among researchers in designing thin-walled tubes as an efficient energy absorber. The combination of aluminum tube and fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) as an FML hybrid tube has successfully demonstrated enhanced crashworthiness performance of structures. Previous studies reported FML hybrid tubes employing a single type of FRP composite material as the laminate material. Investigations on the effect of stacking sequences of multiple types of FRP composite as laminate materials are limited and mostly focused on sandwich structures. This study aims to investigate the effect of reinforcement material as a laminate layer and stacking sequences on the crashworthiness characteristics of aluminum-FRP hybrid tubes under quasi-static axial compression loading. The crashworthiness characteristics and the failure behavior of aluminum monolithic tube, aluminum-single FRP material, and aluminum-multi FRP material hybrid tubes are tested and compared. Glass FRP (GFRP) demonstrates great potential as a laminate material for aluminum tube compared with carbon FRP (CFRP). Aluminum-GFRP and aluminum-GFRP-CFRP hybrid tubes exhibit a 26.4 % and 66.9 % increase in energy absorbed, respectively, compared with the monolithic aluminum tube. The specific energy absorption and crushing force efficiency of the aluminum-GFRP-CFRP hybrid tube show minimal reductions of 4.9 % and 6.2 %, respectively. GFRP is the better choice of laminate material for aluminum tubes compared with CFRP. Multiple FRP laminates show a larger crashworthiness enhancement of FRP hybrid tubes in achieving better crashworthiness performance of the energy absorber. These findings imply that the selection and stacking sequences of laminate material are vital in tailoring the performance of the hybrid tubes toward efficient energy absorbers.
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Abbreviations
- FML :
-
Fiber metal laminate
- FRP :
-
Fiber-reinforced polymer
- CFRP :
-
Carbon-reinforced polymer
- GFRP :
-
Glass-reinforced polymer
- E :
-
Energy
- SEA :
-
Specific energy absorption
- CFE :
-
Crushing force efficiency
- Pm :
-
Mean force
- δ i :
-
Initial displacement
- δ i+1 :
-
Subsequent displacement
- RTM:
-
Resin transfer molding
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia, through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) under a grant number of FRGS/1/2020/TK0/UNIMAP/02/9.
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Fauziah Mat received her B.Eng. and M.Eng. degrees from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, in 2000 and 2007, respectively. She received her Ph.D. from Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. Currently, she serves an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. Her research interests include impact mechanics, thin-walled tube, finite element analysis, and bone biomechanics.
M.J.M Ridzuan serves as an Associate Professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He has published more than 50 papers ranked in ISI journals. His research interests include synthetic and natural fiber-reinforced composites, hybrid fiber-reinforced composites, nondestructive evaluation of composite materials, and tribological properties of composite materials.
Masniezam Ahmad currently serves as a senior lecturer at the Department of Manufacturing, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He received his Ph.D., M.Sc., and bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He is also a graduate member of the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM). His research interests include impact mechanics, finite element analysis, and sports mechanics.
M.S. Abdul Majid serves as a Professor and currently the Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He has published more than 30 papers ranked in ISI journals. His research interests include composite piping, natural fiber composites, and hybrid composite materials. He obtained his Ph.D. from Newcastle University, UK, in 2011.
Khairul Azwan Ismail serves as a Professor at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Malaysia. He received his Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Cambridge University, UK. His research interests include energy absorption of structures and mechanics of deformable bodies.
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Mat, F., Jamir, M.R.M., Ahmad, M. et al. Energy absorption and failure behavior of Al/CFRP/GFRP hybrid tubes under quasi-static axial loading. J Mech Sci Technol 37, 3261–3271 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-2205-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12206-023-2205-8