Abstract
This paper geologically analyzed and numerically simulated the rock avalanche which happened in Pusa Village, Zhangjiawan Town, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, China on 28 August 2017, with approximately 5 × 10 m3 of failure mass. The features, dynamic process and evolution mechanism of the Pusa avalanche, based on the detailed field geological survey, UAV photography and monitoring video, was analyzed in detail, and the numerical model was established to simulate the initiation-movement-accumulation process. The results show that the rock avalanche originated basically from the limestone and siltstone of Yelong Formation, Triassic which extend approximately horizontally and possess developed dissolution and subsidence. The joints within such strata have progressively evolved into fissure belt and subsidence belt resulting from long-term weathering, and the steep joints parallel to slope surface were developed due to the tectonic and unloading actions. The slope deformed and fractured because of long-term gravity and weathering actions, and meanwhile the rainstorm and mining activity accelerated the deformation of slope, which finally resulted in the overall instability of slope. The in-depth analysis to the generation and disaster-induced mechanism of Pusa avalanche is of great importance to the prevention of such accidents.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Bai X, He S (2020) Dynamic process of the massive Aru glacier collapse in Tibet. Landslides 17(6):1353–1361, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01337-x
Bozzano F, Lenti L, Martino S, Montagna A, Paciello A (2011) Earthquake triggering of landslides in highly jointed rock masses: Reconstruction of the 1783 Scilla rock avalanche (Italy). Geomorphology 129(3–4): 294–308, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.02.025
Chen L, Zhao C, Kang Y, Chen H, Yang C, Li B, Lu Y, Xing A (2020) Pre-event deformation and failure mechanism analysis of the Pusa landslide, China with Multi-Sensor SAR Imagery. Remote Sensing 12(5):856, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12050856
Christen M, Kowalski J, Bartelt P (2010) RAMMS: Numerical simulation of dense snow avalanches in three-dimensional terrain. Cold Regions Science and Technology 63(1–2):1–14, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2010.04.005
Coralic V, Colonius T (2014) Finite-volume WENO scheme for viscous compressible multicomponent flows. Journal of Computational Physics 274:95–121, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcp.2014.06.003
Cox SC, McSaveney MJ, Spencer J, Allen SK, Ashraf S, Hancox GT, Sirguey P, Salichon J, Ferris BG (2015) Rock avalanche on 14 July 2014 from Hillary Ridge, Aoraki/Mount Cook, New Zealand. Landslides 12(2):395–402, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-015-0556-7
Dai FC, Tu XB, Xu C, Gong QM, Yao X (2011) Rock avalanches triggered by oblique-thrusting during the 12 May 2008 Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, China. Geomorphology 132(3–4):300–318, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.05.016
Fan X, Xu Q, Scaringi G, Zheng G, Huang R, Dai L, Ju Y (2019) The “long” runout rock avalanche in Pusa, China, on August 28, 2017: A preliminary report. Landslides 16(1):139–154, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-018-1084-z
Haque U, da Silva PF, Devoli G, Pilz J, Zhao B, Khaloua A, Wilopo W, Andersen P, Lu P, Lee J, Yamamoto T, Keellings D, Wu JH, Glass GE (2019) The human cost of global warming: Deadly landslides and their triggers (1995–2014). Science of the Total Environment 682:673–684, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.415
He S, Bai X, Ouyang C, Wang D (2017) On the survey of giant landslide at Xinmo Village of Diexi Town, Maoxian Country, Sichuan Province, China. Mountain Research 35(4):598–603 (in Chinese)
Hewitt K (2009) Rock avalanches that travel onto glaciers and related developments, Karakoram Himalaya, Inner Asia. Geomorphology 103(1):66–79, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.10.017
Huang R (2004) Mechanism of large scale landslides in western China. Advances in Earth Science 19(3):443–451 (in Chinese)
Iverson RM (2012) Elementary theory of bed-sediment entrainment by debris flows and avalanches. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 117(F3), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jf002189
Iverson RM, Denlinger RP (2001) Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain: 1. Coulomb mixture theory. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 106(B1):537–552, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2000jb900329
Jibson RW, Harp EL, Schulz W, Keefer DK (2006) Large rock avalanches triggered by the M 7.9 Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake of 3 November 2002. Engineering Geology 83(1–3):144–160, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.06.029
Li X, Zhang N, Sheng Z, Li S, Hao J (2020) Sliding mechanisms and fracture genesis of Jiweishan landslide in Wulong. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 39(1):1–12 (in Chinese)
Liang Q, Borthwick AG (2009) Adaptive quadtree simulation of shallow flows with wet-dry fronts over complex topography. Computers & Fluids 38(2):221–234, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compfluid.2008.02.008
Liu Y, Liu X, Lu Y, Li X, Li P (2017) Numerical analysis of evaluation methods and influencing factors for dynamic stability of bedding rock slope. Journal of Vibroengineering 19(3):1937–1961, DOI: https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2016.17210
Luna BQ, Remaître A, van Asch TWJ, Malet JP, van Westen CJ (2012) Analysis of debris flow behavior with a one dimensional run-out model incorporating entrainment. Engineering Geology 128:63–75, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.04.007
Mahboob MA, Iqbal J, Atif I (2015) Modeling and simulation of glacier avalanche: A case study of Gayari sector glaciers hazards assessment. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 53(11), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2015.2419171
Mangeney-Castelnau A (2003) Numerical modeling of avalanches based on Saint Venant equations using a kinetic scheme. Journal of Geophysical Research 108(B11), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2002jb002024
McDougall S, Hungr O (2005) Dynamic modelling of entrainment in rapid landslides. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 42(5):1437–1448, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1139/t05-064
Moretti L, Allstadt K, Mangeney A, Capdeville Y, Stutzmann E, Bouchut F (2015) Numerical modeling of the Mount Meager landslide constrained by its force history derived from seismic data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 120(4):2579–2599, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/2014jb011426
Ouyang C, He S, Tang C (2015) Numerical analysis of dynamics of debris flow over erodible beds in Wenchuan earthquake-induced area. Engineering Geology 194:62–72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.012
Pirulli M (2009) The Thurwieser rock avalanche (Italian Alps): Description and dynamic analysis. Engineering Geology 109(1–2):80–92, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.10.007
Pradhan SP, Panda SD, Roul AR, Thakur M (2019) Insights into the recent Kotropi landslide of August 2017, India: A geological investigation and slope stability analysis. Landslides 16(8):1529–1537, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-019-01186-8
Pudasaini SP, Hutter K (2007) Avalanche dynamics dynamics of rapid flows of dense granular avalanches. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin, Germany
Savage BSB, Hutter K (1989) The motion of a finite mass of granular material down a rough incline. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 199:177–215, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112089000340
Smith GM, Davies TR, McSaveney MJ, Bell DH (2005) The Acheron rock avalanche, Canterbury, New Zealand — morphology and dynamics. Landslides 3(1):62–72, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-005-0012-1
Socco LV, Jongmans D, Boiero D, Stocco S, Maraschini M, Tokeshi K, Hantz D (2010) Geophysical investigation of the Sandalp rock avalanche deposits. Journal of Applied Geophysics 70(4):277–291, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2009.12.005
Wu J-H, Chen J-H, Lu C-W (2013) Investigation of the Hsien-du-Shan rock avalanche caused by typhoon Morakot in 2009 at Kaohsiung county, Taiwan. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 60:148–159, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2012.12.033
Xiao R, Chen H, Leng Y, Wei Y, Wang W (2018) Preliminary analysis on the failure process and mechanism of the August 28 collapse in Nayong County, Guizhou Province. The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 29(1):2–9, DOI: https://doi.org/10.16031/j.cnki.issn.1003-035.2018.01.02 (in Chinese)
Xing A, Yuan X, Xu Q, Zhao Q, Huang H, Cheng Q (2016) Characteristics and numerical runout modelling of a catastrophic rock avalanche triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake in the Wenjia valley, Mianzhu, Sichuan, China. Landslides 14(1):83–98, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-016-0707-5
Xu Q, Li W, Dong X, Xiao X, Fan X, Pei X (2017) The Xinmocun landslide on June 24, 2017 in Maoxian, Sichuan characteristics and failure mechanism. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 36(11):2612–2628 (in Chinese)
Yin Y (2010) Mechanism of apparent dip slide of inclined bedding rockslide: A case study of Jiweishan rockslide in Wulong, Chongqing. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering 29(2):217–227 (in Chinese)
Zambrano OM (2007) Large rock avalanches: A kinematic model. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 26(3):283–287, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-007-9164-1
Zhu HP, Wu YH, Yu AB (2005) Discrete and continuum modelling of granular flow. China Particuology 3(6):354–363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1672-2515(07)60215-2
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the National Key Research and Development Program (Grant No. 2019YFC1509704), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U1704243), High-level Talent Project of North China University of Water Resource and Electric Power (Grant No.201518), and Levee Safety and Disaster Prevention Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Water Resources.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Z.F., Liu, H., Li, R. et al. Field Investigation and Dynamic Process Simulation: A Case Study of Rock Avalanche in Pusa Village, Nayong County, Guizhou Province, China. KSCE J Civ Eng 26, 3764–3775 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1493-3
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-022-1493-3