Abstract
Activated carbons (ACs) were prepared from papaya seeds with different dry weight impregnation ratios of zinc chloride (ZnCl2) to papaya seeds by using a two-stage self-generated atmosphere method. The papaya seeds were first semi-carbonized in a muffle furnace at 300 °C for 1 h and then impregnated with ZnCl2 before activation at 500 °C for 2 h. Several physical and chemical characteristics such as moisture, ash, pH, functional groups, morphological structure and porosity of prepared ACs were studied and presented here. AC2, with the impregnation ration of 1: 2 (papaya seeds: ZnCl2), yielded a product that had the highest adsorption capacity, 91.75%, achieved after 180min contact time. The maximum Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area of AC2 was 546m2/g. Adsorption studies indicated that AC2 complied well with the Langmuir isotherm (q m =39.683mg g−1) and the pseudo-second-order (q e =29.36mg g−1). This indicated that chemisorption was the primary adsorption method for AC2. The intraparticle diffusion model proved that the mechanism of adsorption was separated into two stages: the instantaneous stage and the gradual adsorption stage. Overall, this work demonstrated the suitability of using papaya seeds as a precursor to manufacture activated carbon.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
I. A. Tan, A. L. Ahmad and B. H. Hameed, J. Hazard. Mater., 153, 709 (2008).
F.W. Shaarani and B. H. Hameed, Desalination, 255, 159 (2010).
A.O. Olaniran and E.O. Igbinosa, Chemosphere, 83, 1297 (2011).
P. Nowicki, J. Kazmierczak and P. Robert, Powder Technol., 269, 312 (2015).
C. G. Joseph, A. Bono, S. M. Anisuzzaman and D. Krishnaiah, J. Appl. Sci., 14, 3182 (2014).
D. Krishnaiah, S. M. Anisuzzaman, A. Bono and R. Sarbatly, J. King Saud University-Sci., 25, 251 (2013).
S. M. Anisuzzaman, C. G. Joseph, Y.H. Taufiq-Yap, D. Krishnaiah and V. V. Tay, J. King Saud University- Sci., 27, 318 (2015).
S. M. Anisuzzaman, C. G. Joseph, W. M. A.W. Daud, D. Krishnaiah and H. S. Yee, Int. J. Ind. Chem., 6, 9 (2015).
S. M. Anisuzzaman, C.G. Joseph, D. Krishnaiah, A. Bono and L. C. Ooi, Water Sci. Technol., 72, 896 (2015).
V.K. Gupta and A. Nayak, Chem. Eng. J., 180, 81 (2012).
A. Mittal, D. Kaur, A. Malviya, J. Mittal and V. K. Gupta, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 337, 345 (2009).
I.A.W. Tan, A. L. Ahmad and B. H. Hameed, J. Hazard. Mater., 164, 473 (2009).
J. Fan, J. Zhang, C. Zhang, L. Ren and Q. Shi, Desalination, 267, 139 (2011).
R.H. Hesas, Roozbeh, W.M. A. W. Daud, J.N. Sahu and A. Arami-Niya, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 100, 1-1.1 (2013).
M. J. Ahmed and S. K. Theydan, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 100, 253 (2013).
I. Okman, S. Karagöz, T. Tay and M. Erdem, Appl. Surf. Sci., 293, 138 (2014).
K.Y. Foo and B. H. Hameed, Chem. Eng. J., 170, 338 (2011).
A. Özhan, S. Ömer, M. M. Küçük and C. Saka, Cellulose, 21, 2457 (2014).
F. Boudrahem, F. Aissani-Benissad and H. Aït-Amar, J. Environ. Manage., 90, 3031 (2009).
S. Uçar, M. Erdem, T. Tay and S. Karagöz, Appl. Surf. Sci., 255, 8890 (2009).
R.G. Pereira, C.M. Veloso, N.M. da Silva, L.F. de Sousa, R.C.F. Bonomo, A.O. de Souza, M.O. da Guardo Souza and F.R. da Costa Ilhéu, Fuel Process. Technol., 126, 476 (2014).
M. Olivares-Marín, C. Fernández-González, A. Macías-García and V. Gómez-Serrano, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 5967 (2006).
S.M. Alshehri, M. Naushad, T. Ahamad, Z. A. AL Othman and A. Aldalbahi, Chem. Eng. J., 254, 181 (2014).
A. Kumar, C. Guo, G. Sharma, D. Pathania, M. Naushad, S. Kalia and P. Dhiman, RSC Adv., 6, 13251 (2016).
A.A. Alqadami, M. Naushad, M. A. Abdalla, T. Ahamad, Z. A. AL Othman and S.M. Alshehri, RSC Adv., 6, 22679 (2016).
Z.A. Al Othman and M. Naushad, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 20, 3351 (2013).
M. Naushad and Z. A. Al Othman, Desalination Water Treatment, 53, 2158 (2015).
A. Kumar, G. Sharma, M. Naushad, P. Singh and S. Kalia, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 15549 (2014).
M. Naushad, Z. A. AL Othman, M.R. Awual, M. M. Alam and G. E. Eldesoky, Ionics, 21, 2237 (2015).
M. Naushad, Z. A. AL Othman, G. Sharma, Inamuddin, Ionics, 2, 1453 (2015).
R. Bushra, M. Naushad, R. Adnan and M. Rafatullah, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 21, 1112 (2015).
M. Naushad, Z.A. AL Othman, Inamuddin and H. Javadian, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 25, 35 (2015).
M. Naushad, T. Ahamad, G. Sharma and A. A. Ahmed, Chem. Eng. J., 300, 306 (2016).
A. Gundogdu, C. Duran, H. B. Senturk, M. Soylak, M. Imamoglu and Y. Onal, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 104, 249 (2013).
A. Gundogdu, C. Duran, H.B. Senturk, M. Soylak, D. Ozdes, H. Serencam and M. Imamoglu, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 57, 2733 (2012).
C. Duran, D. Ozdes, A. Gundogdu, M. Imamoglu and H.B. Senturk, Analytica Chimica Acta, 688, 75 (2011).
C. Srinivasakannan and M.A. B. Zailani, Biomass Bioenergy, 27, 89 (2004).
L. J. Kennedy, J. J. Vijaya, K. Kayalvizhi and G. Sekaran, Chem. Eng. J., 132, 279 (2007).
J. Gañán-Gómez, A. Macías-García, M.A. Díaz-Díez, C. González-García and E. Sabio-Rey, Appl. Surf. Sci., 252, 5976 (2006).
J. P. Wang, Y. Z. Chen, H. M. Feng, S. J. Zhang and H.Q. Yu, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 313, 80 (2007).
Q. Qian, M. Machida and H. Tatsumoto, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 353 (2007).
S. Farzad, V. Taghikhani, C. Ghotbi, B. Aminshahidi and E. N. Lay, J. Natural Gas Chem., 16, 22 (2007).
L. Zhou, L. Ming, Y. Sun and Y. Zhou, Carbon, 39, 773 (2001).
I. Ozdemir, M. Şahin, R. Orhan and M. Erdem, Fuel Process. Technol., 125, 200 (2014).
J. Acharya, J. N. Sahu, C.R. Mohanty and B. C. Meikap, Chem. Eng. J., 149, 249 (2009).
K. J. Silgado, G.D. Marrugo and J. Puello, Chem. Eng. Transactions, 37, 721 (2014).
S. Yenisoy-Karakaş, A. Aygün, M. Güneş and E. Tahtasakal, Carbon, 42, 477 (2004).
C.T. Weber, E. L. Foletto and L. Meili, Water, Air Soil Pollution, 224, 1427 (2013).
E. I. Unuabonah, G.U. Adie, L.O. Onah and O.G. Adeyemi, Chem. Eng. J., 155, 567 (2009).
F.A. Pavan, E. S. Camacho, E.C. Lima, G.L. Dotto, V.T.A. Branco and S. L. P. Dias, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2, 230 (2014).
N. F. Cardoso, E. C. Lima, I. S. Pinto, C.V. Amavisca, R. Betina, R. B. Pinto, W. S. Alencar and S. F. P. Pereira, J. Environ. Manage., 92, 1237 (2011).
M.M. Karim, A.K. Das and S.H. Lee, Analytica Chimica Acta, 576, 37 (2006).
L. Wang, J. Zhang, R. Zhao, C. Zhang, L. Cong and L. Ye, Desalination, 266, 175 (2011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krishnaiah, D., Joseph, C.G., Anisuzzaman, S.M. et al. Removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous solution utilizing activated carbon derived from papaya (Carica Papaya) seeds. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 34, 1377–1384 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0337-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-016-0337-6