Abstract
In this study, we used the NCAR CAM3.0 model to study the climate effects of both decadal global Sea Surface Temperature (SST) changing and the increasing aerosol concentration in East Asia in boreal spring. In the decadal SST changing experiment, a prominent sea surface cyclone anomaly occurred west of the Northwest Pacific warming SST. The cyclone anomaly is conductive to anomalous rising motion and more rainfall over the Northwest Pacific and southeast coast areas of China, but less rainfall in central China. Caused by the only aerosol concentration increasing, the change of climate in East Asia is totally different from that induced by the regime shift of SST around 1976/77 with the same model. The sulfate and black carbon aerosol concentrations were doubled respectively and synchronously in East Asia (20°–50°N, 100°–150°E) to investigate the climate effects of these two major aerosol types in three experiments. The results show that, in all three aerosol concentration changing experiments, the rainfall during boreal spring increases in North China and decreases in central China. It’s worth noting that in the DTWO experiment, the rainfall diminishes in central China while it increases in the north and southeast coast areas of China, which is similar to observations. From the vertical profile between 110°E and 120°E, it is found that sulfate and black carbon aerosols first change the temperature of lower troposphere owing to their direct radiative effect, and then induce secondary meridional circulation anomaly through the different dynamic mechanisms involved, and at last generate precipitation and surface temperature anomalous patterns mentioned above.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Barth, M., Rasch, P., Kiehl, J., Benkovitz, C., and Schwartz, S., 2000. Sulphur chemistry in the national center for atmospheric research community climate model: Description, evaluation, features and sensitivity to aqueous chemistry. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105: 1387–1415, DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900773.
Chung, C. E., Ramanathan, V., and Kiehl, J. T., 2002. Effects of the South Asian absorbing haze on the northeast monsoon and surface-air heat exchange. Journal of Climate, 15: 2462–2476, DOI: 101029/2003JD004084.
Chung, C. E., Ramanathan, V., Dohyeong, K., and Podgorny, I. A., 2005. Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006356.
Collins, W., Cecilia, M., Maurice, L., Gordon, B., Christopher, S., James, A., Chang, P., Scott, C., James, J., Thomas, B., Jeffrey, T., William, G., Daniel, S., Benjamin, D., and Richard, D., 2006. The community climate system model version 3 (CCSM3). Journal of Climate, 19: 2122–2143, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3761.1.
Collins, W., Rasch, P., Boville, B., Hack, J., McCaa, J., Williamson, D., Kiehl, J., Briegleb, B., Bitz, C., Lin, S., Zhang, M., and Dai, Y., 2004. Description of the NCAR community atmosphere model (CAM 3.0). NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-464+STR. NCAR, 214pp.
Cooke, W. F., Liousse, C., Cachier, H., and Feichter, J., 1999. Construction of a 1°×1° fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 104(D18): 22137–22162.
Dickinson, R., Oleson, K., Bonan, G., Hoffman, F., Thornton, P., Vertenstein, M., Yang, Z., and Zeng, X., 2006. The community land model and its climate statistics as a component of the community climate system model. Journal of Climate, 19: 2302–2324, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3742.1.
Endo, N., Matsumoto, J., and Lwin, T., 2009. Trend in precipitation extremes over Southeast Asia. SOLA, 5, 168e171, DOI: 10.2151/sola.2009-043.
Gu, Y., Liou, K., Xue, Y., Mechoso, C., Li, W., and Luo, Y., 2006. Climatic effects of different aerosol types in China simulated by the UCLA general circulation model. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, DOI: 10.1029/2005JD006312.
Hu, N., and Liu, X. H., 2013. Modeling study of the effect of anthropogenic aerosols on late spring drought in South China. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 27: 701–715, DOI: 10.1007/s13351-013-0506-z.
Huang, R., and Lu, L., 1989. Numerical simulation of the relationship between the anomaly of subtropical high in East Asia and the convective activities in the tropical western Pacific. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 6: 202–214.
Jiang, Y. Q., Liu, X. H., Yang, X. Q., and Wang, M., 2013. Effects of anthropogenic aerosols on East Asian summer clouds and precipitation with Community Atmospheric Model version 5. Atmospheric Environment, 70: 51–63, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.12.039.
Kim, M.-K., Lau, W. K. M., Chin, M., Kim, K. M., Sud, Y. C., and Walker, G. K., 2006. Atmospheric teleconnection over Eurasia induced by aerosol radiative forcing during boreal spring. Journal of Climate, 19: 4700–4718, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3871.1.
Kim, M.-K., Lau, W. K. M., Kim, K. M., and Lee, W. S., 2007. A GCM study of effects of radiative forcing of sulfate aerosol on large scale circulation and rainfall in East Asia during boreal spring. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L24701, DOI: 10.1029/2007GL031683.
Lamarque, J.-F., Bond, T. C., Eyring, V., Granier, C., Heil, A., Klimont, Z., Lee, D., Liousse, C., Mieville, A., Owen, B., Schultz, M. G., Shindell, D., Smith, S. J., Stehfest, E., Van Aardenne, J., Cooper, O. R., Kainuma, M., Mahowald, N., McConnell, J. R., Naik, V., Riahi, K., and van Vuuren, D. P., 2010. Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: Methodology and application. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 10: 7017–7039, DOI: 10.5194/acpd-10-4963-2010.
Lau, K., Kim, M., and Kim, K., 2006. Asian summer monsoon anomalies induced by aerosol direct forcing: The role of the Tibetan Plateau. Climate Dynamics, 26: 855–864, DOI: 10.1007/s00382-006-0114-z.
Lee, W.-S., and Kim, M. K., 2011. Effects of radiative forcing by black carbon aerosol on spring rainfall decrease over Southeast Asia. Atmospheric Environment, 44: 3739–3744, DOI: 105194/acpd-11-24127-2011.
Liousse, C., Penner, J. E., Chuang, C., Walton, J. J., Eddleman, H., and Cachier, H., 1996. A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols. Journal of Geophysical Research, 101: 19411–19432.
Liu, X., Yan, L., Yang, P., Yin, Z., and North, G. R., 2011. Influence of Indian summer monsoon on aerosol loading in East Asia. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 50: 523–533.
Liu, Y., Sun, L., and Yang B., 2009. The effects of black carbon and sulfate aerosols in China regions on East Asia monsoons. Tellus B, 61: 642–656, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2009.00427.x.
Mahowald, N., Luo, C., DelCorral, J., and Zender, C., 2003. Interannual variability in atmospheric mineral aerosols from a 22-year model simulation and observational data. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108(D12), 4352, DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002821.
Matsuno, T., 1966. Quasi-geosrtophic motions in the equatorial area. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 44: 25–43.
Meehl, G. A., Arblaster, J. M., and Collins, W. D., 2008. Effects of black carbon aerosols on the Indian monsoon. Journal of Climate, 21: 2869–2882, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2007JCLI1777.1.
Menon, S., Hansen, J., Nazarenko, L., and Luo, Y., F., 2002. Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India. Science, 297(5590): 2250–2253, DOI: 10.1126/science.1075159.
Nakamura, H., Lin, G., and Yamagata, T., 1997. Decadal climate variability in the North Pacific during recent decades. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 78: 2215–2225, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2215:DCVITN>2.0.CO;2.
Nathan, J. M., Steven, R. H., Zhang, Y., John M. W., and Robert, C. F., 1997. A Pacific interdecadal climate oscillation with impacts on salmon production. Bulletin of the American Meterological Society, 78: 1069–1079, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0477.
Nitta, T., and Hu, Z. Z., 1996. Summer climate variability in China and its association with 500 hPa height and tropical convection. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 74: 425–445.
Oleson, K., Dai, Y., Bonan, G., Bosilovich, M., Dickinson, R., Dirmeyer, P., Hoffman, F., Houser, P., Levis, S., Niu, G.-Y., Thornton, P., Vertenstein, M., Yang, Z.-L., and Zeng, X., 2004. Technical description of the Community Land Model (CLM). Technical Report NCAR/TN-461+STR. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307.
Ramanathan, V., Chung, C., Kim, D., Bettge, T., Buja, L., Kiehl, J. T., Washington, W. M., Fu, Q., Sikka, D. R., and Wild, M., 2005. Atmospheric brown clouds: Impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. PNAS, 102(15): 5326–5333, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500656102.
Ramanathan, V., Crutzen, P. J., Kiehl, J. T., and Rosenfeld, D., 2001. Aerosols climate and the hydrological cycle. Science, 294: 2119–2124, DOI: 10.1126/science.
Rasch, P., Barth, M., Kiehl, J., Schwartz, S., and Benkovitz, C., 2000. A description of the global sulfur cycle and its controlling processes in the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model, Version 3. Journal of Geophysical Research, 105: 1367–1385, DOI: 10.1029/1999JD900777.
Shen, S., and Lau, K. M., 1995. Biennial oscillation associated with the East Asian summer monsoon and tropical sea surface temperature. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 73: 105–124.
Smith, S. J., Pitcher, H., and Wigley, T. M. L., 2001. Global and regional anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions. Global and Planetary Change, 29(1–2): 99–119.
Wang, B., Wu, R., and Fu, X., 2000. Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: How does ENSO affect East Asian climate. Journal of Climate, 13: 1517–1536, DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013〈1517:peathd〉2.0.co;2.
Wang, H., Zheng, X., and Yuan, T., 2012. Overview of researches based on DMSP/OLS nighttime light data. Progress in Geography, 31: 11–18 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wu, L., Lee, D., and Liu, Z., 2005. The 1976/1977 North Pacific climate regime: The role of subtropical ocean adjustment and coupled ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. Journal of Climate, 18: 5125–5140, DOI: 10.1175/JCLI3583.1.
Wu, R., Hu, Z. Z., and Kirtman, B. P., 2003. Evolution of ENSO-related rainfall anomalies in East Asia. Journal of Climate, 16: 3741–3757, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016〈3742:EOERAI〉2.0.CO;2.
Xin, X., Yu, R., Zhou, T., and Wang, B., 2006. Drought in late spring of south China in recent decades. Journal of Climate, 19: 3197–3206, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JCLI3794.1.
Xue, Y., Smith, T. M., and Reynolds, R. W., 2003. Interdecadal changes of 30-yr SST normals during 1871–2000. Journal of Climate, 16: 1601–1612, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442-16.10.1601.
Yang, F., and Lau, K. M., 2004. Trend and variability of China precipitation in spring and summer: Linkage to sea surface temperatures. International Journal of Climatology, 24: 1625–1644, DOI: 10.1002/joc.1094.
Yoon, S.-C., Kim, S., Choi, S., and Choi, I. J., 2010. Regional-scale relationships between aerosol and summer monsoon circulation, and precipitation over northeast Asia. Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 46: 279–286, DOI: 10.1007/s13143-010-1002-3.
Zender, C. S., Bian, H., and Newman, D., 2003. Mineral dust entrainment and deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990’s dust climatology. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, 4416, DOI: 10.1029/2002JD002775.
Zhang, H., Wang, Z., and Guo, P., 2009. A modeling study of the effects of direct radiative forcing due to carbonaceous aerosol on the climate in East Asia. Advance in Atmospheric Sciences, 26: 57–66, DOI: 10.1007/s00376-011-0117-5.
Zhang, L., Liao, H., and Li, J., 2010. Impacts of Asian summer monsoon on seasonal and interannual variations of aerosols over eastern China. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D00K05, DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012299.
Zhang, Y., Wallace, J. M., and Battisti, D. S., 1997. ENSO-like interdecadal variability: 1900–1993. Journal of Climate, 10: 1004–1020, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1004:ELIV>2.0.CO;2.
Zhao, C., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Fu, R., Cunnold, D., and Choi, Y., 2010. Impact of East Asian summer monsoon on the air quality over China: View from space. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115, D09301, DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012745.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hu, H., Liu, C., Zhang, Y. et al. The different effects of sea surface temperature and aerosols on climate in East Asia during spring. J. Ocean Univ. China 14, 585–595 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-015-2472-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11802-015-2472-9