Abstract
Apart from the quark and gluon kinetic and potential energies, the nucleon mass includes a novel energy of pure quantum origin resulting from anomalous breaking of scale symmetry. We demonstrate the effects of this quantum anomalous energy (QAE) in QED, as well as in a toy 1 + 1 dimensional non-linear sigma model where it contributes non-perturbatively, in a way resembling the Higgs mechanism for the masses of matter particles in electro-weak theory. The QAE contribution to the nucleon mass can be explained using a similar mechanism, in terms of a dynamical response of the gluonic scalar field through Higgs-like couplings between the nucleon and scalar resonances. In addition, the QAE sets the scale for other energies in the nucleon through a relativistic virial theorem, and contributes a negative pressure to confine the colored quarks.
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This work was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Nuclear Physics (Grant No. DE-SC0020682). We thank J. C. Peng and Z. Meziani for discussions related to the proton mass.
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Ji, X., Liu, Y. Quantum anomalous energy effects on the nucleon mass. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 281012 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1723-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1723-2