Abstract
Delay/disruption tolerant networking (DTN) is proposed as a networking architecture to overcome challenging space communication characteristics for reliable data transmission service in presence of long propagation delays and/or lengthy link disruptions. Bundle protocol (BP) and Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) are the main key technologies for DTN. LTP red transmission offers a reliable transmission mechanism for space networks. One of the key metrics used to measure the performance of LTP in space applications is the end-to-end data delivery delay, which is influenced by factors such as the quality of spatial channels and the size of cross-layer packets. In this paper, an end-to-end reliable data delivery delay model of LTP red transmission is proposed using a roulette wheel algorithm, and the roulette wheel algorithm is more in line with the typical random characteristics in space networks. The proposed models are validated through real data transmission experiments on a semi-physical testing platform. Furthermore, the impact of cross-layer packet size on the performance of LTP reliable transmission is analyzed, with a focus on bundle size, block size, and segment size. The analysis and study results presented in this paper offer valuable contributions towards enhancing the reliability of LTP transmission in space communication scenarios.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Abdelsadek M Y, Chaudhry A U, Darwish T, et al. Future space networks: toward the next giant leap for humankind. IEEE Trans Commun, 2023, 71: 949–1007
Alhilal A, Braud T, Hui P. The sky is NOT the limit anymore: future architecture of the interplanetary internet. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Mag, 2019, 34: 22–32
Choudhari C, Niture D. Disruption tolerant network (DTN) for space communication: an overview. In: Proceedings of IEEE 7th International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Mumbai, 2022
Ha T, Lee D, Oh J, et al. DTN-based multi-link bundle protocol architecture for deep space communications. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), Jeju Island, 2022. 1164–1166
Yang L, Liang J, Wang R, et al. A study of Licklider transmission protocol in deep-space communications in presence of link disruptions. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2023, 59: 6179–6191
Alessi N, Caini C, de Cola T, et al. Packet layer erasure coding in interplanetary links: the LTP erasure coding link service adapter. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2020, 56: 403–414
Yang L, Wang R, Zhou Y, et al. An analytical framework for disruption of Licklider transmission protocol in Mars communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2022, 71: 5430–5444
Guidotti A, Vanelli-Coralli A, Conti M, et al. Architectures and key technical challenges for 5G systems incorporating satellites. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2019, 68: 2624–2639
Burleigh S C, Hooke A, Torgerson L, et al. Delay-tolerant networking: an approach to interplanetary Internet. IEEE Commun Mag, 2003, 41: 128–136
Scott K, Burleigh S C. Bundle protocol specification. IETF Request for Comments RFC 5050, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC5050
Burleigh S C, Ramadas M, Farrell S. Licklider transmission protocol-motivation. IRTF Internet Draft, 2007. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC5325
Ramadas M, Burleigh S C, Farrell S. Licklider transmission protocol specification. Internet RFC 5326, 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC5326
Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems. Licklider Transmission Protocol (LTP) for CCSDS. CCSDS 734.1-B-1, 2015. https://public.ccsds.org/Pubs/734x1b1.pdf
Wu S H, Li D Q, Jiao J, et al. CS-LTP-Spinal: a cross-layer optimized rate-adaptive image transmission system for deep-space exploration. Sci China Inf Sci, 2022, 65: 112303
Wang R, Wei Z, Zhang Q, et al. LTP aggregation of DTN bundles in space communications. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2013, 49: 1677–1691
Sabbagh A, Wang R, Zhao K, et al. Bundle protocol over highly asymmetric deep-space channels. IEEE Trans Wireless Commun, 2017, 16: 2478–2489
Wang R, Qiu M, Zhao K, et al. Optimal RTO timer for best transmission efficiency of DTN protocol in deep-space vehicle communications. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2017, 66: 2536–2550
Zhao K, Wang R, Burleigh S C, et al. Performance of bundle protocol for deep-space communications. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2016, 52: 2347–2361
Yu Q, Sun X, Wang R H, et al. The effect of DTN custody transfer in deep-space communications. IEEE Wireless Commun, 2013, 20: 169–176
Yang G, Wang R, Sabbagh A, et al. Modeling optimal retransmission timeout interval for bundle protocol. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2018, 54: 2493–2508
Wang R, Burleigh S C, Parikh P, et al. Licklider transmission protocol (LTP)-based DTN for cislunar communications. IEEE ACM Trans Networking, 2011, 19: 359–368
Sun X, Yu Q, Wang R, et al. Performance of DTN protocols in space communications. Wireless Netw, 2013, 19: 2029–2047
Yang G, Wang R, Zhao K, et al. Queueing analysis of DTN protocols in deep-space communications. IEEE Aerosp Electron Syst Mag, 2018, 33: 40–48
Yang G, Wang R, Burleigh S C, et al. Analysis of Licklider transmission protocol for reliable file delivery in space vehicle communications with random link interruptions. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2019, 68: 3919–3932
Bisacchi A, Caini C, de Cola T. Multicolor Licklider transmission protocol: an LTP version for future interplanetary links. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2022, 58: 3859–3869
Koo C H, Burleigh S C. Aggressive and proactive LTP control signal handling for minimal session delivery time: RTT rules the world. J Commun Netw, 2023, 25: 516–531
Zhao K, Wang R, Burleigh S C, et al. Modeling memory-variation dynamics for the Licklider transmission protocol in deepspace communications. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2015, 51: 2510–2524
Yang Z, Wang R, Yu Q, et al. Analytical characterization of Licklider transmission protocol (LTP) in cislunar communications. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2014, 50: 2019–2031
Bezirgiannidis N, Tsaoussidis V. Packet size and DTN transport service: evaluation on a DTN Testbed. In: Proceedings of International Congress on Ultra Modern Telecommunications and Control Systems, Moscow, 2010. 1198–1205
Lu H, Jiang F, Wu J, et al. Performance improvement in DTNs by packet size optimization. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 2015, 51: 2987–3000
Lent R. Analysis of the block delivery time of the Licklider transmission protocol. IEEE Trans Commun, 2019, 67: 518–526
Lent R. Learning the optimal LTP segment size for minimal turnaround times. In: Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Communications, Seoul, 2022, 4703–4708
Zhou Y, Wang R, Zhao K, et al. A study of cross-layer BP/LTP data block size in space vehicle communications over lossy and highly asymmetric channels. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2020, 69: 16126–16141
Fan F, Meng H, Hu B, et al. Roulette wheel balancing algorithm with dynamic flowlet switching for multipath datacenter networks. IEEE ACM Trans Networking, 2021, 29: 834–847
Lipowski A, Lipowska D. Roulette-wheel selection via stochastic acceptance. Phys A-Stat Mech its Appl, 2012, 391: 2193–2196
Dowdy S, Wearden S, Chilko D. Statistics for Research. 3rd ed. 2004. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Yu Q, Wang R, Zhao K, et al. Modeling RTT for DTN protocol over asymmetric cislunar space channels. IEEE Syst J, 2016, 10: 556–567
Burleigh S C. Interplanetary overlay network design and operation v4.1.1. JPL D-48259, NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 2022
Acknowledgements This work was supported by Chongqing Key Laboratory of Mobile Communications Technology (Grant No. cqupt-mct-202203).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, G., Wang, R., Zhao, K. et al. Data delivery delay and cross-layer packet size analysis for reliable transmission of Licklider transmission protocol in space networks. Sci. China Inf. Sci. 67, 192303 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4091-6
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11432-024-4091-6