Abstract
Tsunamis are one of the most destructive disasters in the ocean. Large tsunamis are mostly generated by earthquakes, and they can propagate across the ocean without significantly losing energy. During the shoaling process in coastal areas, the wave amplitude increases dramatically, causing severe life loss and property damage. There have been frequent tsunamis since the 21st century, drawing the attention of many countries on the study of tsunami mechanism and warning. Tsunami records also play an essential role in deriving earthquake rupture models in subduction zones. This paper reviews the recent progress and limitations of tsunami research, from the aspects of tsunami generation, propagation, inversion and warning. Potential tsunami warning strategies are discussed and future prospects on tsunami research are provided.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
An C, Cai C, Zheng Y, Meng L, Liu P. 2017a. Theoretical solution and applications of ocean bottom pressure induced by seismic seafloor motion. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 10272–210281
An C, Liu P L F. 2014. Characteristics of leading tsunami waves generated in three recent tsunami events. J Earthq Tsunami, 08: 1440001
An C, Liu P L F. 2016. Analytical solutions for estimating tsunami propagation speeds. Coast Eng, 117: 44–56
An C, Liu P L F, Meng L. 2018b. A sensitivity analysis of tsunami inversions on the number of stations. Geophys J Int, 214: 1313–1323
An C, Liu H, Ren Z, Yuan Y. 2018a. Prediction of tsunami waves by uniform slip models. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 123: 8366–8382
An C, Meng L. 2016. Application of array backprojection to tsunami prediction and early warning. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 3677–3685
An C, Meng L. 2017. Time reversal imaging of the 2015 Illapel tsunami source. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 1732–1739
An C, Sepúlveda I, Liu P L F. 2014. Tsunami source and its validation of the 2014 Iquique, Chile, earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 3988–3994
An C, Yue H, Sun J, Meng L, Báez J C. 2017b. The 2015 MW8.3 Illapel, Chile, earthquake: Direction-reversed along-dip rupture with localized water reverberation. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 107: 2416–2426
Baba T, Allgeyer S, Hossen J, Cummins P R, Tsushima H, Imai K, Yamashita K, Kato T. 2017. Accurate numerical simulation of the far-field tsunami caused by the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, including the effects of Boussinesq dispersion, seawater density stratification, elastic loading, and gravitational potential change. Ocean Model, 111: 46–54
Baba T, Cummins P R. 2005. Contiguous rupture areas of two Nankai Trough earthquakes revealed by high-resolution tsunami waveform inversion. Geophys Res Lett, 32: L08305
Baba T, Cummins R, Hori T. 2005. Compound fault rupture during the 2004 off the Kii Peninsula earthquake (M7.4) inferred from highly resolved coseismic sea-surface deformation. Earth Planet Sp, 57: 167–172
Baba T, Tanioka Y, Cummins P R, Uhira K. 2002. The slip distribution of the 1946 Nankai earthquake estimated from tsunami inversion using a new plate model. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 132: 59–73
Blaser L, Kruger F, Ohrnberger M, Scherbaum F. 2010. Scaling relations of earthquake source parameter estimates with special focus on subduction environment. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 100: 2914–2926
Fink M. 1992. Time reversal of ultrasonic fields. I. Basic principles. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelect Freq Contr, 39: 555–566
Fujii Y, Satake K. 2007. Tsunami source of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake inferred from tide gauge and satellite data. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 97: S192–S207
Fujii Y, Satake K. 2013. Slip distribution and seismic moment of the 2010 and 1960 Chilean earthquakes inferred from tsunami waveforms and coastal geodetic data. Pure Appl Geophys, 170: 1493–1509
Fujii Y, Satake K, Sakai S, Shinohara M, Kanazawa T. 2011. Tsunami source of the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku Earthquake. Earth Planet Sp, 63: 815–820
Geist E L, Parsons T. 2006. Probabilistic analysis of tsunami hazards. Nat Hazards, 37: 277–314
Goda K, Yasuda T, Mori N, Mai P M. 2015. Variability of tsunami inundation footprints considering stochastic scenarios based on a single rupture model: Application to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 120: 4552–4575
González F I, Geist E L, Jaffe B, Kânoğlu U, Mofjeld H, Synolakis C E, Titov V V, Arcas D, Bellomo D, Carlton D, Horning T, Johnson J, Newman J, Parsons T, Peters R, Peterson C, Priest G, Venturato A, Weber J, Wong F, Yalciner A. 2009. Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at seaside, Oregon, for near- and far-field seismic sources. J Geophys Res, 114: C11023
Greenslade D J M, Allen S C R, Simanjuntak M A. 2011. An evaluation of tsunami forecasts from the T2 scenario database. Pure Appl Geophys, 168: 1137–1151
Greenslade D J M, Titov V V. 2008. A comparison study of two numerical tsunami forecasting systems. Pure Appl Geophys, 165: 1991–2001
Grezio A, Babeyko A, Baptista M A, Behrens J, Costa A, Davies G, Geist E L, Glimsdal S, González F I, Griffin J, Harbitz C B, LeVeque R J, Lorito S, Løvholt F, Omira R, Mueller C, Paris R, Parsons T, Polet J, Power W, Selva J, Sørensen M B, Thio H K. 2017. Probabilistic tsunami hazard analysis: Multiple sources and global applications. Rev Geophys, 55: 1158–1198
Grilli S T, Ioualalen M, Asavanant J, Shi F, Kirby J T, Watts P. 2007. Source constraints and model simulation of the December 26, 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami. J Waterway Port Coast Ocean Eng, 133: 414–428
Grilli S T, Tappin D R, Carey S, Watt S F L, Ward S N, Grilli A R, Engwell S L, Zhang C, Kirby J T, Schambach L, Muin M. 2019. Modelling of the tsunami from the December 22, 2018 lateral collapse of Anak Krakatau volcano in the Sunda Straits, Indonesia. Sci Rep, 9: 1–3
Gusman A R, Tanioka Y, Sakai S, Tsushima H. 2012. Source model of the great 2011 Tohoku earthquake estimated from tsunami waveforms and crustal deformation data. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 341–344: 234–242
Heidarzadeh M, Murotani S, Satake K, Ishibe T, Gusman A R. 2016. Source model of the 16 September 2015 Illapel, Chile, MW8.4 earthquake based on teleseismic and tsunami data. Geophys Res Lett, 43: 643–650
Ho T C, Satake K, Watada S. 2017. Improved phase corrections for transoceanic tsunami data in spatial and temporal source estimation: Application to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 122: 10155
Ho T C, Satake K, Watada S, Fujii Y. 2019. Source estimate for the 1960 Chile earthquake from joint inversion of geodetic and transoceanic tsunami data. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 124: 2812–2828
Hoshiba M, Ozaki T. 2014. Earthquake early warning and tsunami warning of the Japan Meteorological Agency and their performance in the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake (MW9.0). In: Wenzel F, Zschau J, eds. Early Warning for Geological Disasters. Berlin: Springer. 1–28
Hossen M J, Cummins P R, Dettmer J, Baba T. 2015a. Time reverse imaging for far-field tsunami forecasting: 2011 Tohoku earthquake case study. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 9906–9915
Hossen M J, Cummins P R, Roberts S G, Allgeyer S. 2015b. Time reversal imaging of the tsunami source. Pure Appl Geophys, 172: 969–984
Hossen M J, Gusman A, Satake K, Cummins P R. 2018. An adjoint sensitivity method applied to time reverse imaging of tsunami source for the 2009 Samoa earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 45: 627–636
Hsu Y J, Yu S B, Loveless J P, Bacolcol T, Solidum R, Luis Jr A, Pelicano A, Woessner J. 2016. Interseismic deformation and moment deficit along the Manila subduction zone and the Philippine Fault system. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 121: 7639–7665
Hsu Y J, Yu S B, Song T R A, Bacolcol T. 2012. Plate coupling along the Manila subduction zone between Taiwan and northern Luzon. J Asian Earth Sci, 51: 98–108
Hu C, Wu Y, An C, Liu H. 2020. A numerical study of tsunami generation by horizontal displacement of sloping seafloor. J Earthq Tsunami, 14: 2050018
Imamura F. 1996. Simulation of wave-packet propagation along sloping beach by TUNAMI-code. In: Yeh H, Liu P L, Synolakis C, eds. Longwave Runup Models. Friday Harbor: World Scientific. 231–241
Ishii M, Shearer P M, Houston H, Vidale J E. 2005. Extent, duration and speed of the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake imaged by the Hi-Net array. Nature, 435: 933–936
Kagan Y Y, Jackson D D. 2013. Tohoku earthquake: A surprise? Bull Seismol Soc Am, 103: 1181–1194
Kajiura K. 1963. The leading wave of a tsunami. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 41: 535–571
Kajiura K. 1970. Tsunami source, energy and the directivity of wave radiation. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 48: 835–869
Kajiura K. 1981. Tsunami energy in relation to parameters of the earthquake fault model. Bulletin of the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 56: 415–440
Kamigaichi O. 2009. Tsunami forecasting and warning. In: Meyers R A, ed. Extreme Environmental Events. New York: Springer. 9592–9618
Kubota T, Saito T, Suzuki W, Hino R. 2017. Estimation of seismic centroid moment tensor using ocean bottom pressure gauges as seismometers. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 10,907
Larmat C, Montagner J P, Fink M, Capdeville Y, Tourin A, Clévédé E. 2006. Time-reversal imaging of seismic sources and application to the great Sumatra earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 33: L19312
Lay T, Kanamori H, Ammon C J, Nettles M, Ward S N, Aster R C, Beck S L, Bilek S L, Brudzinski M R, Butler R, DeShon H R, Ekström G, Satake K, Sipkin S. 2005. The great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004. Science, 308: 1127–1133
Lay T, Yue H, Brodsky E E, An C. 2014. The 1 April 2014 Iquique, Chile, MW8.1 earthquake rupture sequence. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 3818–3825
LeVeque R J, George D L, Berger M J. 2011. Tsunami modelling with adaptively refined finite volume methods. Acta Numerica, 20: 211–289
Li L, Switzer A D, Chan C H, Wang Y, Weiss R, Qiu Q. 2016. How heterogeneous coseismic slip affects regional probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment: A case study in the South China Sea. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 121: 6250–6272
Li Z, An C, Liu H. 2020. Evaluation of different earthquake scaling relations on the generation of tsunamis and hazard assessment. Ocean Eng, 195: 106716
Liu P L F, Lynett P, Fernando H, Jaffe B E, Fritz H, Higman B, Morton R, Goff J, Synolakis C. 2005. Observations by the international tsunami survey team in Sri Lanka. Science, 308: 1595
Liu P L F, Wang X, Salisbury A J. 2009. Tsunami hazard and early warning system in South China Sea. J Asian Earth Sci, 36: 2–12
Liu P L F, Woo S B, Cho Y S. 1998. Computer programs for tsunami propagation and inundation. Technical Report. Cornell University
Liu Y, Santos A, Wang S M, Shi Y, Liu H, Yuen D A. 2007. Tsunami hazards along Chinese coast from potential earthquakes in South China Sea. Phys Earth Planet Inter, 163: 233–244
Lotto G C, Nava G, Dunham E M. 2017. Should tsunami simulations include a nonzero initial horizontal velocity? Earth Planets Space, 69: 117
Lynett P, Liu P, Sitanggang K, Kim D. 2002. Modeling wave generation, evolution, and interaction with depth-integrated, dispersive wave equations COULWAVE Code Manual
Megawati K, Shaw F, Sieh K, Huang Z, Wu T R, Lin Y, Tan S K, Pan T C. 2009. Tsunami hazard from the subduction megathrust of the South China Sea: Part I. Source characterization and the resulting tsunami. J Asian Earth Sci, 36: 13–20
Mei C C. 1989. The Applied Dynamics of Ocean Surface Waves. London: World Scientific. 611
Mei C C, Kadri U. 2018. Sound signals of tsunamis from a slender fault. J Fluid Mech, 836: 352–373
Melgar D, Crowell B W, Geng J, Allen R M, Bock Y, Riquelme S, Hill E M, Protti M, Ganas A. 2015. Earthquake magnitude calculation without saturation from the scaling of peak ground displacement. Geophys Res Lett, 42: 5197–5205
Meza J, Catalán P A, Tsushima H. 2020. A multiple-parameter methodology for placement of tsunami sensor networks. Pure Appl Geophys, 177: 1451–1470
Monecke K, Finger W, Klarer D, Kongko W, McAdoo B G, Moore A L, Sudrajat S U. 2008. A 1,000-year sediment record of tsunami recurrence in northern Sumatra. Nature, 455: 1232–1234
Mueller C, Power W, Fraser S, Wang X. 2015. Effects of rupture complexity on local tsunami inundation: Implications for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment by example. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 120: 488–502
Mulia I E, Asano T. 2016. Initial tsunami source estimation by inversion with an intelligent selection of model parameters and time delays. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 121: 441–456
Mulia I E, Gusman A R, Satake K. 2017a. Optimal design for placements of tsunami observing systems to accurately characterize the inducing earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 44: 12,106
Mulia I E, Gusman A R, Williamson A L, Satake K. 2019. An optimized array configuration of tsunami observation network off Southern Java, Indonesia. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 124: 9622–9637
Mulia I E, Inazu D, Waseda T, Gusman A R. 2017b. Preparing for the future Nankai Trough tsunami: A data assimilation and inversion analysis from various observational systems. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 122: 7924–7937
Murotani S, Satake K, Fujii Y. 2013. Scaling relations of seismic moment, rupture area, average slip, and asperity size for M∼9 subduction-zone earthquakes. Geophys Res Lett, 40: 5070–5074
Nakamura M. 2009. Fault model of the 1771 Yaeyama earthquake along the Ryukyu Trench estimated from the devastating tsunami. Geophys Res Lett, 36: L19307
Namegaya Y, Satake K. 2014. Reexamination of the AD 869 Jogan earthquake size from tsunami deposit distribution, simulated flow depth, and velocity. Geophys Res Lett, 41: 2297–2303
Nanayama F, Satake K, Furukawa R, Shimokawa K, Atwater B F, Shigeno K, Yamaki S. 2003. Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril trench. Nature, 424: 660–663
Nosov M A. 1999. Tsunami generation in compressible ocean. Phys Chem Earth Part B, 24: 437–441
Nosov M A, Kolesov S V. 2007. Elastic oscillations of water column in the 2003 Tokachi-oki tsunami source: In-situ measurements and 3-D numerical modelling. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 7: 243–249
Okada Y. 1985. Surface deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 75: 1135–1154
Ren Z Y, Liu H, Wang B L, Zhao X. 2014. An investigation on multi-buoy inversion method for tsunami warning system in South China Sea. J Earthq Tsunami, 08: 1440004
Ren Z, Liu H, Zhao X, Wang B, An C. 2019. Effect of kinematic fault rupture process on tsunami propagation. Ocean Eng, 181: 43–58
Rudloff A, Lauterjung J, Münch U, Tinti S. 2009. Preface “The GITEWS Project (German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)”. Nat Hazards Earth Syst Sci, 9: 1381–1382
Saito T. 2013. Dynamic tsunami generation due to sea-bottom deformation: Analytical representation based on linear potential theory. Earth Planet Sp, 65: 1411–1423
Saito T. 2017. Tsunami generation: Validity and limitations of conventional theories. Geophys J Int, 210: 1888–1900
Saito T, Inazu D, Miyoshi T, Hino R. 2014. Dispersion and nonlinear effects in the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake tsunami. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 119: 5160–5180
Saito T, Ito Y, Inazu D, Hino R. 2011. Tsunami source of the 2011 Tohoku-Oki earthquake, Japan: Inversion analysis based on dispersive tsunami simulations. Geophys Res Lett, 38: L00G19
Saito T, Satake K, Furumura T. 2010. Tsunami waveform inversion including dispersive waves: The 2004 earthquake off Kii Peninsula, Japan. J Geophys Res, 115: B06303
Saito T, Tsushima H. 2016. Synthesizing ocean bottom pressure records including seismic wave and tsunami contributions: Toward realistic tests of monitoring systems. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 121: 8175–8195
Satake K. 1987. Inversion of tsunami waveforms for the estimation of a fault heterogeneity: Method and numerical experiments. J Phys Earth, 35: 241–254
Satake K. 1993. Depth distribution of coseismic slip along the Nankai Trough, Japan, from joint inversion of geodetic and tsunami data. J Geophys Res, 98: 4553–4565
Satake K, Fujii Y, Harada T, Namegaya Y. 2013. Time and space distribution of coseismic slip of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake as inferred from tsunami waveform data. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 103: 1473–1492
Satake K, Heidarzadeh M, Quiroz M, Cienfuegos R. 2020. History and features of trans-oceanic tsunamis and implications for paleo-tsunami studies. Earth-Sci Rev, 202: 103112
Satake K, Shimazaki K, Tsuji Y, Ueda K. 1996. Time and size of a giant earthquake in Cascadia inferred from Japanese tsunami records of January 1700. Nature, 379: 246–249
Sepúlveda I, Liu P L F, Grigoriu M, Pritchard M. 2017. Tsunami hazard assessments with consideration of uncertain earthquake slip distribution and location. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 122: 7252–7271
Setiyono U, Gusman A R, Satake K, Fujii Y. 2017. Pre-computed tsunami inundation database and forecast simulation in Pelabuhan Ratu, Indonesia. Pure Appl Geophys, 174: 3219–3235
Shi F, Kirby J T, Harris J C, Geiman J D, Grilli S T. 2012. A high-order adaptive time-stepping TVD solver for Boussinesq modeling of breaking waves and coastal inundation. Ocean Model, 43–44: 36–51
Simkin T, Fiske R S. 1983. Krakatau, 1883: The Volcanic Eruption and its Effects. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press
Simons M, Minson S E, Sladen A, Ortega F, Jiang J, Owen S E, Meng L, Ampuero J P, Wei S, Chu R, Helmberger D V, Kanamori H, Hetland E, Moore A W, Webb F H. 2011. The 2011 magnitude 9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquake: Mosaicking the megathrust from seconds to centuries. Science, 332: 1421–1425
Song Y T, Fu L L, Zlotnicki V, Ji C, Hjorleifsdottir V, Shum C K, Yi Y. 2008. The role of horizontal impulses of the faulting continental slope in generating the 26 December 2004 tsunami. Ocean Model, 20: 362–379
Song Y T, Mohtat A, Yim S C. 2017. New insights on tsunami genesis and energy source. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 122: 4238–4256
Sørensen M B, Spada M, Babeyko A, Wiemer S, Grünthal G. 2012. Probabilistic tsunami hazard in the Mediterranean Sea. J Geophys Res, 117: B01305
Strasser F O, Arango M C, Bommer J J. 2010. Scaling of the source dimensions of interface and intraslab subduction-zone earthquakes with moment magnitude. Seismol Res Lett, 81: 941–950
Sun L, Zhou X, Huang W, Liu X, Yan H, Xie Z, Wu Z, Zhao S, Da Shao S, Yang W. 2013. Preliminary evidence for a 1000-year-old tsunami in the South China Sea. Sci Rep, 3: 1655
Tang L, Titov V V, Moore C, Wei Y. 2016. Real-time assessment of the 16 September 2015 Chile tsunami and implications for near-field forecast. Pure Appl Geophys, 173: 369–387
Tanioka Y, Satake K. 1996. Tsunami generation by horizontal displacement of ocean bottom. Geophys Res Lett, 23: 861–864
Tanioka Y, Satake K. 2001a. Coseismic slip distribution of the 1946 Nankai earthquake and aseismic slips caused by the earthquake. Earth Planet Sp, 53: 235–241
Tanioka Y, Satake K. 2001b. Detailed coseismic slip distribution of the 1944 Tonankai earthquake estimated from tsunami waveforms. Geophys Res Lett, 28: 1075–1078
Tanioka Y, Seno T. 2001. Sediment effect on tsunami generation of the 1896 Sanriku tsunami earthquake. Geophys Res Lett, 28: 3389–3392
Titov V V, Gonzalez F I. 1997. Implementation and testing of the method of splitting tsunami (MOST) model. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL PMEL-112
Titov V, Rabinovich A B, Mofjeld H O, Thomson R E, González F I. 2005. The global reach of the 26 December 2004 Sumatra tsunami. Science, 309: 2045–2048
Titov V V, Synolakis C E. 1998. Numerical modeling of tidal wave runup. J Waterway Port Coast Ocean Eng, 124: 157–171
Tromp J, Tape C, Liu Q. 2005. Seismic tomography, adjoint methods, time reversal and banana-doughnut kernels. Geophys J Int, 160: 195–216
Tsai V C, Ampuero J P, Kanamori H, Stevenson D J. 2013. Estimating the effect of Earth elasticity and variable water density on tsunami speeds. Geophys Res Lett, 40: 492–496
Wang X, Liu P L F. 2006. An analysis of 2004 Sumatra earthquake fault plane mechanisms and Indian Ocean tsunami. J Hydraul Res, 44: 147–154
Watada S. 2013. Tsunami speed variations in density-stratified compressible global oceans. Geophys Res Lett, 40: 4001–4006
Watada S, Kusumoto S, Satake K. 2014. Traveltime delay and initial phase reversal of distant tsunamis coupled with the self-gravitating elastic Earth. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 119: 4287–4310
Watanabe S, Bock Y, Melgar D, Tadokoro K. 2018. Tsunami scenarios based on interseismic models along the Nankai trough, Japan, from seafloor and onshore geodesy. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 123: 2448–2461
Wei Y, Bernard E N, Tang L, Weiss R, Titov V V, Moore C, Spillane M, Hopkins M, Kânoğlu U. 2008. Real-time experimental forecast of the Peruvian tsunami of August 2007 for U.S. coastlines. Geophys Res Lett, 35: L04609
Wells D L, Coppersmith K J. 1994. New empirical relationships among magnitude, rupture length, rupture width, rupture area, and surface displacement. Bull Seismol Soc Am, 84: 974–1002
Williams R, Rowley P, Garthwaite M C. 2019. Reconstructing the Anak Krakatau flank collapse that caused the December 2018 Indonesian tsunami. Geology, 47: 973–976
Wu W. 1982. Fluid Mechanics. Beijing: Peking University Press
Xie Y, Meng L. 2020. A multi-array back-projection approach for tsunami warning. Geophys Res Lett, 47: e85763
Yamaguchi D K, Atwater B F, Bunker D E, Benson B E, Reid M S. 1997. Tree-ring dating the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. Nature, 389: 922–923
Yang W, Zhou X, Xiang R, Wang Y, Sun L. 2017. Palaeotsunami in the East China Sea for the past two millennia: A perspective from the sedimentary characteristics of mud deposit on the continental shelf. Quat Int, 452: 54–64
Yang W, Sun L, Yang Z, Gao S, Gao Y, Shao D, Mei Y, Zang J, Wang Y, Xie Z. 2019. Nan’ao, an archaeological site of Song dynasty destroyed by tsunami (in Chinese). Chin Sci Bull, 64: 107–120
Yue H, Lay T, Rivera L, An C, Vigny C, Tong X, Báez Soto J C. 2014. Localized fault slip to the trench in the 2010 Maule, Chile MW=8.8 earthquake from joint inversion of high-rate GPS, teleseismic body waves, InSAR, campaign GPS, and tsunami observations. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 119: 7786–7804
Yue H, Zhang Y, Ge Z, Wang T, Zhao L. 2020. Resolving rupture processes of great earthquakes: Reviews and perspective from fast response to joint inversion. Sci China Earth Sci, 63: 492–511
Zhou T, Meng L, Xie Y, Han J. 2019. An adjoint-state full-waveform tsunami source inversion method and its application to the 2014 Chile-Iquique tsunami event. J Geophys Res-Solid Earth, 124: 6737–6750
Acknowledgements
The author thanks all the researchers who contribute to the research of tsunamis, tsunami warning, tsunami hazard assessment and data sharing. Tsunami research benefits from the data service provided by many institutes such as NOAA and IOC. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. U1901602, 11632012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
An, C. Tsunamis and tsunami warning: Recent progress and future prospects. Sci. China Earth Sci. 64, 191–204 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9672-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11430-020-9672-7