Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to compare the distribution of the most significant medium and long-lived radioisotopes, i.e., 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu, in granulometric and organic fractions of alluvial soils downstream from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC), Russia, to reveal natural patterns of their behavior and accumulation.
Materials and methods
Soil samples collected at different elevations and depths in a floodplain of the Yenisey River downstream from the KMCC (20–250 km) were subjected to granulometric analysis by dry screening and a modified Petelin method. Fractions <0.05 mm were collected by a pipette method. Radionuclide activity in the different soil layers and in their fractions was determined using a spectrometer equipped with an HPGe detector. Concentration of total C (Ctot) and C of carbonates (Ccarb) was determined using a CHN analyzer before and after elimination of carbonates, organic C (Corg) being calculated as the difference between the obtained values. Organic fractions were separated by saturation of the air-dry sample with 0.1 M NaOH and further precipitation of humic acid from filtrate by 1 M HCl at pH 1. The separation resulted in three fractions of the fulvic acids, humic acids, and the residue containing the denuded mineral phase and the refractory organic residue. The selected bulk samples and fractions were analyzed for radionuclide activity.
Results and discussion
Based on earlier results, the distribution of the pelite (<0.01 mm) and aleurite (0.01–0.1 mm) fractions in alluvium and soil samples have been analyzed to evaluate the grain-size contribution to radionuclide fixation. A positive correlation between radionuclide activity and the portion of pelite fraction was established for 60Co and 152Eu, while 137Cs accumulation was not related with this fraction. In organic matter (OM) extracts, more than 90 % of 137Cs, at proportions similar to those attributable to 238Th and 40K, were associated with the residue fraction, while 72 % of 152Eu and 46 % of 60Co were found in the mobile fraction of the low molecular fulvic acids. In successive layers of the soil vertical profile, approximately 94 % of the 152Eu variation may be explained by a linear model with Corg and Ccarb values as independent variables.
Conclusions
Different associations of 137Cs, 60Co, and 152 Eu with particulate and organic fractions in river sediments and floodplain soils could be explained by the dominating discharge form (water soluble or particulate), affinity to organic substances of different mobility, sorption by minerals and their aggregates, and chemisorption.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
1 Introduction
Operation of the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC), located approximately 40 km downstream from the city of Krasnoyarsk (Russia), near the Yenisey River, started in August 1958 and continued until 1992. One of its functions was the production of weapon-grade Pu (Sukhorukov et al. 2004). Discharges of radioactive wastes from the KMCC to the river channel have led to artificial radionuclide contamination of river water and sediments. However, no data on parameters related to the actual discharges were available for the early years of operation.
The most complete dataset on KMCC discharges covering the period from 1987 to 2000 was published by Vakulovsky et al. 2006. According to these data, radionuclides released to the river can be arranged in order of descending activity as 60Co—671 GBq > 137Cs—316 GBq > 152Eu—262 GBq. The mean annual discharge of the aforementioned radioisotopes was 111.8, 52.7, and 43.7 GBq, respectively (Table 1).
In 1992, after the shutdown of two reactors, the radioisotope inflow to the river channel decreased by an order of magnitude and the total activity of 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu released to the Yenisey River in the period from 1993 to 2000 was about 41.8, 29.1, and 5.4 GBq, respectively. There was a significantly greater decrease in 60Co, and especially 152Eu, contributions to the total radionuclide contamination in the late period (from 21 to 7 % of the total activity for 152Eu).
Traces of various medium-lived radionuclides, such as 137Cs, 60Co, 152 Eu, and 154Eu with half-lives of 30.2, 5.3, 13.3, and 8.6 years, respectively, have been registered in alluvial soils even at the beginning of this century (2000 onwards). These radionuclides have been measured at distances of up to 2000 km from the discharge point in the lower reaches of the Yenisey flowing to the Arctic Ocean (Linnik et al. 2013).
Detailed radioecological studies of the Yenisey focusing on the contamination of water and sediments started only in the 1990s and were most frequent in the last decade (Sukhorukov et al. 2000; Bondareva and Bolsunovskii 2008; Bondareva and Artamonova 2011; Sukhorukov et al. 2004, 2006; Linnik et al. 2005, 2006; Vakulovsky et al. 2006, 2014; Bolsunovsky 2011; Kropatcheva et al. 2012; Korobova et al. 2014). The main practical goal of these studies was to evaluate the level and extent of contamination and its radioecological significance. Three radionuclides, i.e., 137Cs, 60Co, and 152 Eu, are of the utmost interest nowadays due to their radioecological importance.
Cs-137 pathways and radioecological effects have been studied intensively worldwide reflecting the radioisotope’s wide distribution and its comparative ease of determination compared to other radionuclides. Its migration in the basins of the Yenisey River and those of the Dnieper and its tributaries, in particular, was investigated in detail after the Chernobyl accident (Vakulovsky et al. 1994; Sansone et al. 1996).
Cobalt-60, a radioisotope which is almost always present in the releases of the enterprises producing weapon-grade Pu and other radiologically hazardous materials, may significantly contribute to doses to human populations and biota, over considerable time periods. For Pu, this may reflect its practically negligible vertical migration in mineral sediments ((1–4) × 10−12 m2 s−1) in the Yenisey coastal floodplain deposits (Nosov 1997).
Cobalt forms highly stable complexes with organic ligands, especially humic and fulvic acids (Glaus et al. 2000). Therefore, soils, or horizons that are rich in organic matter (OM), are able to bind Co more strongly and for longer periods. However, the portion associated with mobile fulvic acids is known to enhance its mobility.
Compared to 137Cs and 60Co, the distribution of 152,154,155Eu has been investigated to a narrower extent and in less detail. The Yenisey river valley downstream from KMCC seems to remain the main site in Russia where Eu migration has been studied because of the considerable levels of contamination associated with this radioisotope in this area. In 1993–2000, the specific activity of 152Eu in Yenisey bottom sediments in the near impact zone attained levels of 2000 Bq kg−1 and the contamination density of alluvium soils due to this radionuclide attained levels, on several islands, of up to 2.6 × 106 Bq m−2. Both 152Eu and 137Cs isotopes were measured 1000 km downstream from their discharge point (Nossov et al. 2002). Mechanisms of 152,154,155Eu migration in the contaminated alluvium are still poorly studied. Vakulovsky et al. (2006) found that in October 5th, 2001, when only 1 out of the 3 reactors initially constructed to produce weapon-grade Pu was still operating, the major portion (61 %) of the total 152Eu discharge (230 Bq m−3) was water soluble and about 39 % was associated with a suspended load.
It has been previously shown that studies of technogenic radionuclide distributions in different granulometric fractions of alluvial soils are important in enabling the reliable reconstruction of the radiation situation for particular landscape-geochemical conditions following serious radiation accidents, such as Chernobyl (Korobova et al. 2008). This is also true for cases of technogenic contamination arising from more routine releases, such as those that occurred in the Yenisey basin (Linnik et al. 2014).
The purpose of this study was to analyze the distribution of 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu in alluvial soils downstream from the KMCC and to compare these radionuclides in terms of their ability to associate with different granulometric and organic fractions. The study is based on the data (published and unpublished) of the international project STREAM (Brown et al. 2002; Linnik et al. 2005, 2006).
2 Study area and methods
The study was carried out over several islands and the coastal plain of the Yenisey River, 20 to 250 km downstream from the KMCC (Fig. 1). Regarding radionuclide decay, data concerning radioactive contamination that occurred mainly from the 1960s to the 1980s can now be obtained only by investigation of soil samples and fractions containing measureable quantities of radionuclides. In this publication, we analyze the data obtained from nine soil profiles located at different distances from the KMCC (Fig. 1). The sampling sites were selected at different elevations on the floodplain after a preliminary field radiometric survey indicating areas of maximum radionuclide contamination (Linnik et al. 2005, 2006). Samples were collected to a depth of 40–50 cm and divided into different increments according to the soil master horizons and profile lithology. The samples were air dried and stored under cool conditions.
Radionuclide activity in different soil horizons and in their fractions was determined using a Canberra spectrometer equipped with an HPGe detector. The minimum measured activity for 137Cs was less than 0.1 Bq per sample within a counting period of 3600 s. Granulometric analysis was performed for 13 samples with maximum specific activity for 137Cs, 60Co, and 152Eu. In the zone nearer to the KMCC (the Beryozovy Island and B. Balchug), the set of samples included the following profiles and depth horizons (cm): B2-14 (0–5), BP4-1 (8–12), and BP4-45 (5–8). Tolsty Island is represented by samples TOP1-44 (5–10; 35–40); TOP1-48 (4–8; 28–33); the Kazachinskoye site—by KP1-11 (0–5), KP1-28 (5–10); and Ust-Tungusky Island—by UTP-8 (2–12; 19–23), UTP-10 (0–2; 15–20). The resulting numbers of sites with an analytically detectable amount of 137Cs, 60Co, and 152Eu in the different fractions were 13, 9, and 8, respectively.
Granulometric techniques included dry screening and a modified Petelin method (Sval’nov and Alekseeva 2005) with a 1-min ultrasonic pre-treatment by Fritsh Laborette (Germany). Fractions <0.05 mm were collected utilizing a pipette method. The initial weights of the samples were approximately 30 g. Fractionation allowed separation of the following particle size ranges (mm): 1.0–0.5, 0.5–0.25, 0.25–0.125, 0.125–0.1, 0.1–0.063, 0.063–0.05, 0.05–0.01, 0.01–0.005, 0.005–0.001, and <0.001. In this paper, we discuss pelite (<0.01 mm) and aleurite (0.01–0.1 mm according to Puffengoldz 1978) fractions as the most significant for radionuclide fixation (Korobova et al. 2008, 2014).
To study radionuclide association with the total (Ctot) and organic fraction of C (Corg), we analyzed correlations between 60Co, 137Cs, and 152Eu activity and the content of Ctot and Corg in 20 bulk samples collected from different horizons to a depth of 40–50 cm at soil profiles BP4-1, BP4-45, KP1-11, KP1-28, and TOP1-48 (Fig. 1). Concentrations of C in the soil horizons were determined using a Hewlett-Packard CHN analyzer Model 185. Carbon concentrations were measured before and after elimination of carbonates to separate organic carbon and carbonates. Organic C (Corg) was C determined after removal of carbonates, while Ccarb was calculated as the difference between the total C (Ctot) determined before carbonate removal and Corg.
The relationships between radionuclide and OM were studied on a sample from a layer at 5–10 cm depth from the soil profile BT2-14 (a duplicate of profile B2-14) located in the upper part of the Beriozovy Island (20 km from KMCC). The sample was subjected to extraction of humic and fulvic acid fractions and subsequent determination of radionuclides in the separated phases and the residue component. Organic fractions were separated by saturation of the air-dry sample with 0.1 M NaOH, with further precipitation of humic acid from an extract brought to pH 1 with 1 M HCl (Varshal 1994; Varshal et al. 1996). The separation resulted in three fractions of fulvic acids, humic acids, and residue containing the denuded mineral phase and the refractory organic residue.
In general, the data were useful in the process of characterizing the sites but were not amenable to statistical analyses. However, we still consider it worthwhile to present these data in the form of a case study. The experimental data may be used for supporting hypotheses pertaining to patterns of artificial radionuclide migration and sedimentation for particular sites (each with their own characteristic granulometry, content of organic and mineral C in alluvium).
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Parameters of KMCC radionuclide discharge behavior
Radionuclides may be discharged in water-soluble (ions, complexes), molecular, colloidal, and suspended particulate forms (Varshal 1994; Novikov 2010).
Once released, these forms could interact with natural mineral and organic suspended particles and colloids. During high water periods, with concomitant elevated suspended sediment loads, contaminated river waters come into contact with soils. The locations where this occurs can provide sedimentation areas for radionuclides. This has been simulated and experimentally proven by Nosov et al. (2010). Apart from physical and chemical sorption, a characteristic deposition of the suspended load, controlled by the prevailing hydrodynamic conditions, contributes to sedimentation of the suspended fraction of radionuclides (Linnik et al. 2006, 2014). It is worth noting that chemical properties of radioisotopes are similar to their stable analogues, but their mass amounts are not comparable and, in general, the behavior of trace elements depends upon the distribution of the major elements defining geochemical conditions (the so-called typomorphic elements, Perel’man 1975).
3.2 Distribution of 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, and pelite and aleurite fractions in soil samples
Alluvium composition of the coastal and central parts of the floodplain is often variable in terms of texture. This is believed to reflect differences in the hydrological regime for sedimentation under high water discharge periods.
The distribution of 137Cs-specific activity in different size fractions for a soil layer at a depth of 15–20 cm (sampled in the low-level floodplain of the Beriozovy Island in a dry shallow floodplain lake) is shown in Fig. 2. Here, we have the case of classical radionuclide contamination of floodplain soils due to sedimentation of fines. A considerable increase in specific 137Cs activity was characteristic in three particle size classes belonging to the pelite fraction (<0.01 mm), with no significant difference among them: 20.0, 26.4, and 20.2 Bq g−1, respectively (Fig. 2). A statistically significant higher activity of particles in the 0.01–0.05 mm range (coarse silt or fine sand depending on different classifications) as compared to 0.05–0.100 mm grains (very fine sand, U.S.D.A) was found in the aleurite fraction: 4.6 versus 1.3 Bq g−1.
The relationship between 137Cs activity and percent of aleurite and pelite fractions in the bulk alluvial soil samples (down to a depth of 40 cm) collected at study sites at a distance of 250 km downstream from the KMCC (Fig. 1) is shown in Fig. 3.
No correlation was found between 137Cs-specific activity and the content of pelite and aleurite fraction of the bulk samples. In contrast to 137Cs, both 60Со and 152Eu exhibited a clear positive exponential correlation with the pelite content in the bulk samples (R 2 = 0.67 and 0.77) and a negative relationship with the aleurite content (R 2 = 0.87 and 0.77, Figs. 4 and 5). Several reasons may be considered to explain this behavior.
The lack of correlation for 137Cs may be explained by the river transport of this radionuclide in water-soluble and suspended forms in almost equal proportion. Moreover, the aggregation and adhesion of the most contaminated clay particles, as shown by Korobova et al. (2014), and a predominance of the low radioactive coarse fractions in the bulk samples, leading to the reduction in the contribution of the accumulating fraction to the total activity of the sample, may account for this observation. According to Sukhorukov et al. (2006), from 3 to 40 % (18 % on the average) of 152,154Eu contained in floodplain and bottom sediments occurred in water-soluble and easily exchangeable forms. The percent of 152Eu in the acid-soluble extract ranged from 79 to 99.2 %, while for 154Eu, this fraction varied from 69 to 96.7 %. The authors suggested that 152,154Eu radioisotopes exist in the Yenisey alluvial soils in the forms of acid-soluble microparticles, organic complexes, and some (unspecified) sorbed state. Taking into account the consideration that the time elapsed following major discharges was sufficient to enable a considerable degree of fixation, it can be inferred that the initially discharged fraction of 60Co and 152Eu was mainly water soluble, but both radionuclides formed mobile organic complexes that were readily adsorbed by the finest particles. As Eu is also a rare-earth element, the possibility of its chemisorption (in valence state II) by carbonates that are present in water and sediments cannot be excluded a priori.
3.3 Distribution of 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, and organic carbon in soil samples
Carbon concentration (Corg) in 20 samples from five soil profiles sampled at the Beriozovy, Tolsty, and Kazachinskoye sites varied in a wide range from 0.085 to 4.41 %, with an average value of 1.10 %. Cesium-137 did not show any relation to Corg, while Co and Eu activity appeared higher in samples with larger OM content. In particular, 152Eu demonstrated a distinctly higher affinity to OC than 60Co (Fig. 6). This finding is in agreement with published data on radionuclide behavior (Varshal 1994; Varshal et al. 1996; Novikov 2010). The same order of affinity of these radionuclides to organic substances (152Eu > 60Co) was reported by Bondareva and Bolsunovskii (2008) who studied radionuclide speciation in sediments sampled from the near impact zone by sequential extraction.
3.4 Relation of vertical 252Eu distribution in soil profile to mineral and organic forms of C
Recent studies of the Yenisei River bottom sediments, 15 km downstream from the discharge point, showed that 40–60 % of 152Eu is present in the organic fraction and 2–7 % in carbonates (Bondareva and Bolsunovskii 2008). However, the vertical distribution of the radionuclide in soil profiles was not investigated.
Regression analysis performed for six successive layers of BP4-1 soil profile, located in the Beriozovy Island, showed that about 94 % of 152Eu variation in fines of the layers could be explained by a linear model with Corg and Ccarb values as independent variables in the form
Eu − 152(Bq g− 1) = 0.34 * Corg(%) + 0.29 * Ccarb(%) − 0.14 (Fig. 7).
This relation supports the hypothesis of a chemisorption of Eu by carbonates that may be critical for its migration.
The relevance of both forms of Eu accumulation on C was also supported by a higher correlation found between 152,154Eu activity and TOC, as compared to 152,154Eu and Corg in 20 samples collected in five soil profiles at three sites (BP, TOP, KP; Fig. 1) located 20, 50, and 180 km downstream from the KMCC (Figs. 8 and 6c).
No dependence was found for the corresponding 137Cs values.
3.5 Radionuclide distribution in organic fractions of different mobility
Figures 9 and 10 show distributions of artificial and natural radionuclides in the fractions of fulvic acids, humic acids, and the residue containing the denuded mineral phase and the refractory organic residue. Radionuclides found in the first fraction, characterized by low molecular weight organic compounds, were the most mobile, whereas those in the second fraction were less mobile as they were associated with acid-resistant humus complexes that might be considered to be virtually insoluble in natural waters of the humid zone. The presence of radionuclides in the residue fraction is indicative of a portion strongly fixed onto the mineral matrix.
Radiocesium showed higher affinity to the high molecular mass organic compounds. Eu-152 and 60Co, which are well known to undergo organic complexation, were present in considerable relative amounts in the fraction of the most mobile, low molecular mass fulvic acids (Fig. 9). K-40 and 228Th associated with various minerals dominated in the residue fraction. Cs-137, in a similar way to 238Th and 40K, was mainly associated with the residue mineral fraction, presumably due to exсhangeable sorption and further fixation in K-minerals (Fig. 10).
In general, our analysis of the affinity of radioisotopes to C forms showed that 152Eu > 60Co were likely fixed in soil particles mostly by the organic and carbonate components, while 137Cs association with OM was mainly phenomenological and indicated radiocesium fixation by the top organic soil horizons.
4 Conclusions
Cs-137 discharged from KMCC is mainly associated in floodplain soils and sediments with mineral particles of fine sands, silt, and clay that may form aggregates. Europium radioisotopes are mainly hosted by the pelite fraction.
152Eu > 60Co are fixed in soil particles predominately by the organic and carbonate components, while 137Cs association with OM is mainly phenomenological and indicates radionuclide contamination of the top humic horizons.
A different association of 137Cs, 60Co, and 152 Eu with particulate and organic fractions of river sediments and floodplain soils could be explained by the dominating discharge form (i.e., water soluble or particulate), affinity to organic substances of different mobility, sorption by minerals and their aggregates, and chemisorption.
This study confirms the contention that a comparative analysis of radionuclide distributions in soil fractions of different sizes and C content in soil layers and sediments subjected to radionuclide contamination can give valuable information for evaluation. This relates not only to the general radioecological situation and contamination levels but also to elucidation in terms of expanding the possibilities for interpretation of contamination events and migration patterns.
References
Bolsunovsky A (2011) Radionuclide speciation in sediments of the Yenisei River. Radioprotection 46(6):S195–S198
Bondareva L, Artamonova S (2011) The relationship of mineral and geochemical composition to artificial radionuclide partitioning in Yenisei river sediments downstream from mining-and-chemical combine Rosatom. Nat Sci 3(7):517–529
Bondareva LG, Bolsunovskii AY (2008) Speciation of artificial radionuclides 60Co, 137Cs, 152Eu, and 241Am in bottom sediments of the Yenisei River. Radiochemistry 50(5):547–552
Brown JE, Wright S, Linnik V (2002) STREAM. Source development and transport of radioactive contamination in the environment through the use of satellite imagery. Final Report (01.03.99-01.06.02). Project ERB IC-15-CT-98-0219 in the EC Inco-Copernicus Programme (IVth Framework). Statens stralevern, Oslo
Glaus MA, Hummel W, Van Loon LR (2000) Trace metal-humate interactions. I. Experimental determination of conditional stability constants. Appl Geochem 15(7):953–973
Korobova E, Linnik V, Chizhikova N (2008) The history of the Chernobyl 137Cs contamination of the flood plain soils and its relation to physical and chemical properties of the soil horizons (a case study). J Geochem Explor 96(2–3):236–255
Korobova EM, Linnik VG, Chizhikova NP, Alekseeva TN, Shkinev VM, Brown J, Dinu MI (2014) Granulometric and mineralogic investigation for explanation of radionuclide accumulation in different size fractions of the Yenisey floodplain soils. J Geochem Explor 142:49–59
Kropatcheva M, Chuguevsky A, Melgunov M (2012) Distribution of 152Eu and 154Eu in the alluvial soil–rhizosphere–plant roots’ system. J Environ Radioactiv 106:58–64
Linnik VG, Brown JE, Dowdall M, Potapov VN, Surkov VV, Korobova EM, Volosov AG, Vakulovsky SM, Tertyshnik EG (2005) Radioactive contamination of the Balchug (Upper Yenisey) floodplain, Russia in relation to sedimentation processes and geomorphology. Sci Total Environ 339:233–251
Linnik VG, Brown JE, Dowdall M, Potapov VN, Nosov AV, Surkov VV, Sokolov AV, Wright SM, Borghuis S (2006) Patterns and inventories of radioactive contamination of island sites of the Yenisey River, Russia. J Environ Radioactiv 87(2):188–208
Linnik VG, Korobova EM, Brown JE (2013) A historical outline of radionuclide contamination of the Yenisey floodplain based on landscape and radiometric survey. Geogr, Environ Sustain 2(6):49–62
Linnik VG, Korobova EM, Brown J, Surkov VV, Potapov VN, Sokolov AV (2014) Investigation of radionuclides in the Yenisey River floodplain systems: relation of the topsoil radionuclide contamination to landscape features. J Geochem Explor 142:60–68
Nosov AV (1997) A study of mechanism of migration of radioactive substances in the Yenisey floodplain. Russ Meteorol Hydrol 12:84–91 (in Russian)
Nosov AV, Krylov AV, Kiselev VP, Kazakov SV (2010) Modeling radionuclide migration in surface waters. Institute for Safe Development of Nuclear Energy. Rus. Ac. of Sci, Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Nossov AV, Martynova AM, Shishlov AE, Savitsky YV (2002) The analysis of radioactive contamination of the Yenisei River by results of expeditions for the period 1990–2000. In: Strand P, Jolle T (eds) Environmental radioactivity in the Arctic and Antarctic. The 5th International Conference. NRPA, Osteras, pp 167–170
Novikov AP (2010) Migration and concentration of artificial radionuclides in environmental objects. Geochem Int 48(13):1263–1387
Perel’man AI (1975) Landscape geochemistry. Vysshaya shkola, Moscow (in Russian)
Puffengoldz КN (1978) Geological glossary in 2 volumes. Nedra, Moscow (in Russian)
Sansone U, Belli B, Voitsekovitch OV, Kanivets VV (1996) 137Cs and 90Sr in water and suspended particulate matter of the Dnieper River-Reservoirs System (Ukraine). Sci Total Environ 186(3):257–271
Standring WJF, Brown JE, Dowdall M, Korobova EM, Linnik VG, Volosov AG (2009) Vertical distribution of anthropogenic radionuclides in cores from contaminated floodplains of the Yenisey River. J Environ Radioactiv 100(12):1109–1120
Sukhorukov FV, Melgunov MS, Kovalev SI (2000) The main traits of distribution of technogenous radionuclides in alluvial soils and bottom sediments of the Yenisei River. Contemp Probl Ecol 1:39–50 (in Russian)
Sukhorukov FV, Degermendzhy AG, Belolipetsky VM et al (2004) Distribution and migration of radionuclides in the Yenisei Plain. Publ. House of SB RAS “Geo”, in Russian
Sukhorukov FV, Melgunov MS, Makarova et al (2006) Mobility of technogenic radionuclides in soils and bottom sediments of the Yenisey river based on natural and laboratory experiments. In: Izrael Y (ed) Radioactivity after nuclear explosions and incidents. Proceedings of the International Conference. Gidrometeoizdat, St.-Pertersburg, pp 306–312, in Russian
Sval’nov VN, Alekseeva TN (2005) Granulometric analysis of the world ocean sediments. Nauka, Moscow (in Russian)
Vakulovsky SM, Nikitin AI, Chumichev VB, Katrich IY, Voitsekhovich OA, Medinets VI et al (1994) Cesium-137 and strontium-90 contamination of water bodies in the areas affected by releases from the Chernobyl nuclear power plant accident: an overview. J Environ Radioact 23:103–122
Vakulovsky SM, Tertyshnik EG, Borodina TS, Iskra AA (2006) Man-made radionuclides in the Yenisey River. In: Izrael Y (ed) Radioactivity after nuclear explosions and incidents, vol V. 2. Proceedings of the International Conference. Gidrometeoizdat, St.-Petersburg, pp 294–299, in Russian
Varshal GM (1994) Forms of migration of fulvic acids and metals in natural waters. Doctoral dissertation Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russian)
Varshal GM, Koshcheeva IY, Velyukhanova TK, Chkhetia DN, Tyutyunnik OA, Grinevskaya ZM (1996) Sorption of heavy metals and isotopic carriers of long-lived radionuclides by humic acid: report 1. Sorption of caesium (I), strontium (II), cerium (III), ruthenium (IV) by humic acid. Geokhimiya 11:1107–1112 (in Russian)
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Koshcheeva I.Ya., Chkhetia D.N., and Borisov A.P. for their help in organic fraction extraction and spectrometry of the samples. We thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that helped to improve the text.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Claudio Bini
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Korobova, E.M., Linnik, V.G. & Brown, J. Distribution of artificial radioisotopes in granulometric and organic fractions of alluvial soils downstream from the Krasnoyarsk Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC), Russia. J Soils Sediments 16, 1279–1287 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1268-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-015-1268-2