Abstract
Sensitive and reliable detection of the amlodipine (AML) drug in biological and environmental samples poses a significant challenge, necessitating the development of innovative electrode platforms. Herein, efficient anodes (CuO@ITO) were constructed for the direct electrochemical detection of AML in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) by growing CuO nanostructures onto the ITO electrode. Controlled nucleation of Cu ions facilitated consistent structural growth over the ITO surface, resulting in close interfacial contact between the nanostructures and the current collector. The fabricated CuO@ITO anode exhibited remarkable electrochemical oxidation response toward AML, enabling sensitive detection within a dynamic concentration range of 0.1–1.6 µm using differential pulse voltammetry, with a detection limit of 0.014 µm. Additionally, the sensor demonstrated robust anti-interference capabilities against various biomolecules and pharmaceutical drugs, ensuring accurate and reliable AML detection even in complex biological samples. Satisfactory recoveries of spiked AML drug from human urine samples affirmed the sensor’s suitability for real-world applications. The overall findings of this work emphasize the significance of the developed sensor in enabling the sensitive and selective detection of AML, making it a valuable tool for clinical and environmental monitoring.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data supporting this study’s findings are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Change history
20 April 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12580-x
References
G.P. Fard, R.E. Sabzi, Preparation of TiO2 Nanoparticles-Au nanoparticles-chitosan Nanocomposite Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode: application for Electrochemical Measurement of Amlodipine in Biological and Pharmaceutical samples. J. Anal. Chem. 78(6), 737–747 (2023)
M. Firouzi, M. Najafi, Mesalazine Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Voltammetric Determination of Amlodipine. J. Appl. Chem. Res. 17(2), 82–95 (2023)
N. Ziaie, M. Shabani-Nooshabadi, Introduction of AlV3O9/CNT nanocomposite for modification of the Electrochemical Sensor in Order the determination of Amlodipine and Hydrochlorothiazide in Biological and Pharmaceutical samples. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 62(11), 4481–4493 (2022)
N. Motomura, Y. Yamazaki, X. Gao, Y. Tezuka, K. Omata, Y. Ono, R. Morimoto, F. Satoh, Y. Nakamura, J. Shim, Visualization of calcium channel blockers in human adrenal tissues and their possible effects on steroidogenesis in the patients with primary aldosteronism (PA). J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 218, 106062 (2022)
R. Mao, Q. Rong, Clinical efficacy of amlodipine besylate combined with ligusticum on patients with both hypertension and heart failure and their prognosis and life quality. Curr. Top. Nutraceutical Res. (2022). https://doi.org/10.37290/ctnr2641-452X.20:276-281
P. Liu, X. Wu, S. Pan, J. Dai, Z. Zhang, X. Guo, Photochlorination-induced degradation of microplastics and interaction with cr (VI) and amlodipine. Sci. Total Environ. 835, 155499 (2022)
B. Fu, J. Chen, Y. Cao, H. Li, F. Gao, D.-Y. Guo, F. Wang, Q. Pan, Post-modified metal-organic framework as ratiometric fluorescence-scattering probe for trace ciprofloxacin residue based on competitive coordination. Sens. Actuators B 369, 132261 (2022)
H. Vardhan, L. Hou, E. Yee, A. Nafady, M.A. Al-Abdrabalnabi, A.M. Al-Enizi, Y. Pan, Z. Yang, S. Ma, Vanadium docked covalent-organic frameworks: an effective heterogeneous catalyst for modified mannich-type reaction. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 7(5), 4878–4888 (2019)
M. Sharma, C. Kothari, O. Sherikar, P. Mehta, Concurrent estimation of amlodipine besylate, hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan by RP-HPLC, HPTLC and UV–spectrophotometry. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 52(1), 27–35 (2014)
S. Hillaert, Van den W. Bossche, Simultaneous determination of hydrochlorothiazide and several angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists by capillary electrophoresis. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 31(2), 329–339 (2003)
S.M.Z. Al-Kindy, A. Al‐Snedi, F.E.O. Suliman, H.A. Al‐Lawati, J. determination of amlodipine using terbium‐sensitized luminescence in the presence of europium (III) as a co‐luminescence reagent. Luminescence. 29(6), 657–662 (2014)
J. Men, C. Dong, H. Shi, Y. Han, Y. Yang, R. Wang, X. Wang, J. Chen, Surface molecular imprinted membranes as a gate for selective transdermal release of chiral drug amlodipine. J. Membr. Sci. 664, 121059 (2022)
K.M.M. Kabir, Y.M. Sabri, A.E. Kandjani, G.I. Matthews, M. Field, L.A. Jones, A. Nafady, S.J. Ippolito, S.K. Bhargava, Mercury sorption and desorption on gold: a comparative analysis of surface acoustic wave and quartz crystal microbalance-based sensors. Langmuir. 31(30), 8519–8529 (2015)
R.N. Goyal, S. Bishnoi, Voltammetric determination of amlodipine besylate in human urine and pharmaceuticals. Bioelectrochemistry. 79(2), 234–240 (2010)
J. Kumar, R.R. Neiber, Z. Abbas, R.A. Soomro, A. BaQais, M.A. Amin, Z.M. El-Bahy, Hierarchical NiMn-LDH hollow spheres as a Promising Pseudocapacitive Electrode for Supercapacitor Application. Micromachines. 14(2), 487 (2023)
R.A. Soomro, J. Kumar, R.R. Neiber, A.M. Alotaibi, S.F. Shaikh, N. Ahmed, A. Nafady, Natural oxidation of Ti3C2Tx to construct efficient TiO2/Ti3C2Tx photoactive heterojunctions for advanced photoelectrochemical biosensing of folate-expressing cancer cells. Anal. Chim. Acta. 1251, 341016 (2023)
N. Fathima, R.K. Jha, N. Bhat, Co3O4/MoS2 nanostructures for NOx Sensing. ACS Appl. Nano Mater. 5(6), 7754–7766 (2022)
D. Zhao, C. Geng, X. Liu, X. Jin, Z. Zhao, Y. Liu, S. Alwarappan, Photoelectrochemical detection of superoxide anions released from mitochondrial in HepG2 cells based on the synergistic effect of MnO2@Co3O4 core-shell pn heterojunction. Biosens. Bioelectron. 237, 115368 (2023)
Y. Shi, C. Gimbert-Suriñach, T. Han, S. Berardi, M. Lanza, A. Llobet, CuO-functionalized silicon photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 8(1), 696–702 (2016)
S. Velmurugan, J. Anupriya, S.-M. Chen, Y.-B. Hahn, Efficient lock-in CuO/WON heterostructures tailored for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of hazardous herbicide diuron in fruit juices and aqua region. Sens. Actuators B 375, 132920 (2023)
S.B. Arpitha, B.E.K. Swamy, J.K. Shashikumara, An efficient electrochemical sensor based on ZnO/Co3O4 nanocomposite modified carbon paste electrode for the sensitive detection of hydroquinone and resorcinol. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 152, 110656 (2023)
H. Spahr, T. Bülow, C. Nowak, F. Hirschberg, J. Reinker, S. Hamwi, H.-H. Johannes, W. Kowalsky, Impact of morphological defects on the electrical breakdown of ultra thin atomic layer deposition processed Al2O3 layers. Thin Solid Films. 534, 172–176 (2013)
R. Kumar, S. Sahoo, E. Joanni, R. Pandey, J.-J. Shim, Vacancy designed 2D materials for electrodes in energy storage devices. Chem. Commun. 59(41), 6109–6127 (2023)
I.A. Gass, C.J. Gartshore, D.W. Lupton, B. Moubaraki, A. Nafady, A.M. Bond, J.F. Boas, J.D. Cashion, C. Milsmann, K. Wieghardt, Anion dependent redox changes in iron bis-terdentate nitroxide {NNO} chelates. Inorg. Chem. 50(7), 3052–3064 (2011)
F. Guo, H. Yang, L. Liu, Y. Han, A.M. Al-Enizi, A. Nafady, P.E. Kruger, S.G. Telfer, S. Ma, Hollow capsules of doped carbon incorporating metal@ metal sulfide and metal@ metal oxide core–shell nanoparticles derived from metal–organic framework composites for efficient oxygen electrocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 7(8), 3624–3631 (2019)
G. Ersu, Y. Sozen, E. Sánchez-Viso, S. Kuriakose, B.H. Juárez, F.J. Mompean, M. Garcia-Hernandez, L. Visscher, A.J. Magdaleno, F. Prins, Pen Plotter as a Low-Cost Platform for Rapid Device Prototyping with Solution‐Processable Nanomaterials. Adv. Eng. Mater. 25(14), 2300226 (2023)
A. Nafady, M.D. Albaqami, A.M. Alotaibi, CuO nanoparticles embedded in conductive PANI framework for periodic detection of alcohol from sweat. Colloid Polym. Sci. 301(5), 517–526 (2023)
M. Yuksel, J.R. Pennings, F. Bayansal, J.T.W. Yeow, Effect of B-doping on the morphological, structural and optical properties of SILAR deposited CuO films. Phys. B: Condens. Matter. 599, 412578 (2020)
O. Prakash, S. Kumar, P. Singh, V. Deckert, S. Chatterjee, A.K. Ghosh, R.K. Singh, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering characteristics of CuO: Mn/Ag heterojunction probed by methyl orange: effect of Mn2 + doping. J. Raman Spectrosc. 47(7), 813–818 (2016)
M.A.M. Patwary, M.A. Hossain, B.C. Ghos, J. Chakrabarty, S.R. Haque, S.A. Rupa, J. Uddin, T. Tanaka, Copper oxide nanostructured thin films processed by SILAR for optoelectronic applications. RSC Adv. 12(51), 32853–32884 (2022)
R.A. Soomro, N.H. Kalwar, A. Avci, E. Pehlivan, K.R. Hallam, M. Willander, In-situ growth of NiWO4 saw-blade-like nanostructures and their application in photo-electrochemical (PEC) immunosensor system designed for the detection of neuron-specific enolase. Biosens. Bioelectron. 141, 111331 (2019)
T. Lei, A. Khan, J. Yousaf, A. Deifalla, F. Pan, A.H. Ragab, A. Sayqal, M. Khan, M.Z. Ansari, Y. Khan, Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of interlaced CuO nanosheets on porous nickel foams as binder-free electrode material. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 24, 7865–7875 (2023)
J.N.O. Amu-Darko, S. Hussain, X. Zhang, M. Ouladsmane, E. Issaka, S. Ali, M. Wang, G. Qiao, Exploring the gas-sensing properties of MOF-derived TiN@ CuO as a hydrogen sulfide sensor. Chemosphere 337, 139401 (2023)
R.A. Soomro, A. Nafady, Z.H. Ibupoto, S.T.H. Sirajuddin; Sherazi, M. Willander, Abro, M. I. Development of sensitive non-enzymatic glucose sensor using complex nanostructures of cobalt oxide. Mater. Sci. Semiconduct. Process. 34, 373–381 (2015)
da E.M. Silva, de G.C. Oliveira, de A.B. Siqueira, A.J. Terezo, M. Castilho, Development of a composite electrode based on graphite and polycaprolactone for the determination of antihypertensive drugs. Microchem. J. 158, 105228 (2020)
G.R. Mansano, A.P.P. Eisele, L.H. Dall’Antonia, S. Afonso, E.R. Sartori, Electroanalytical application of a boron-doped diamond electrode: improving the simultaneous voltammetric determination of amlodipine and valsartan in urine and combined dosage forms. J. Electroanal. Chem. 738, 188–194 (2015)
M. Khairy, A.A. Khorshed, F.A. Rashwan, G.A. Salah, H.M. Abdel-Wadood, C.E. Banks, Sensitive determination of amlodipine besylate using bare/unmodified and DNA-modified screen-printed electrodes in tablets and biological fluids. Sens. Actuators B 239, 768–775 (2017)
M. Khairy, A.A. Khorshed, Simultaneous voltammetric determination of two binary mixtures containing propranolol in pharmaceutical tablets and urine samples. Microchem. J. 159, 105484 (2020)
Acknowledgements
We extend our sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R266) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work.
Funding
We extend our sincere appreciation to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R266) at King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for funding this work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by NUk and HIS. The first draft of the manuscript was written and revised by NHK, MY, and RAS. JL and SK supervised and commented on previous versions of the manuscript. AN facilitated in generation of electrochemical measurements, revised the final version, and facilitated in funding acquisition for this project. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
khan, N.U., Sahito, H.I., Kalwar, N.H. et al. Copper oxide-based anodes for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of amlodipine. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 35, 712 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12450-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-024-12450-6