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Multifunctional hybrid composites from novel asphaltene-based carbon nanofiber mats and woven carbon fiber

  • Composites & nanocomposites
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Abstract

This study reports, for the first time, the use of lower-cost, more sustainable, electrospun carbon nanofiber from asphaltene-based precursors as interleaves in multifunctional composites with improved mechanical and electrical performance. First, asphaltene-based nanomats were electrospun with and without prior asphaltene feedstock purification, including multistage purification. The carbon nanofiber mats, extracted after purification, spinning, thermal stabilization, and carbonization, exhibited improved quality and morphology with reduced beading after purification. Hybrid composites were fabricated using vacuum-assisted resin infusion, incorporating commercially available plain weave carbon fabric layers and the developed nanofiber mats as interleaves in an epoxy matrix. The nanofiber mat reinforcement increased the interlaminar shear strength of the composites by 18% without compromising flexural properties. In general, it was found that purification of asphaltene did not affect the interleave effects, whereas all nanomats resulted in similar enhancement of interlaminar strength and modulus at the interlaminar region. However, using purified nanofiber mats significantly improved the electrical conductivity of the hybrid composites, which can be attributed to an increase in their specific surface area after purification. Hybrid composites produced using purified nanofiber mats showed the highest electrical conductivity, improving both in-plane and out-of-plane conductivities by 173% and 198%, respectively, compared to control carbon fiber—epoxy composites.

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Data availability

The data supporting the findings of this study are available upon request from the authors.

Abbreviations

CFRP:

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers

CF:

Carbon fibers

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

ILSS:

Interlaminar shear strength

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

AOA:

Alberta oilsands asphaltene

DMF:

Dimethylformamide

THF:

Tetrahydrofuran

Mw:

Molecular weight

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

EDX:

Energy-dispersion X-ray

XPS:

X-ray photoelectron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

ATR:

Attenuated total reflection

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

BJH:

Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda

AFM:

Atomic force microscopy

HOPG:

Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite

DMT:

Derjaguin–Muller–Toporov

TPU:

Thermoplastic polyurethane

SAN:

Styrene acrylonitrile

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Alberta Innovates and the Clean Resource Innovation Network (CRIN) for co-funding this project. The funding of infrastructure and equipment provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) is greatly appreciated. The authors would like to thank the nanofab lab at the University of Alberta for the use of the XPS equipment.

Funding

Alberta Innovates,Clean Resource Innovation Network

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Author notes

  1. Atif Hussain and Parya Keyvani have equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Atif Hussain, Parya Keyvani, Rachel Cummings, Muzaffer Karaaslan, Addie Bahi, Frank Ko & Yasmine Abdin

  2. Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Muzaffer Karaaslan & Scott Renneckar

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  1. Atif Hussain
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Contributions

Atif Hussain and Parya Keyvani were involved in investigation, methodology, visualization, formal analysis, and writing—original draft. Rachel Cummings was performed investigation, methodology, and visualization. Muzaffer Karaaslan and Addie Bahi were done investigation, methodology, and formal analysis. Scott Renneckar and Frank Ko did resources, funding acquisition, and writing—review and editing. Yasmine Abdin was contributed conceptualization, formal analysis, supervision, project administration, resources, funding acquisition, and writing – review and editing.

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Correspondence to Yasmine Abdin.

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Supplementary information

Supplementary material includes elemental composition of the asphaltene sample used in the study, SEM images of the produced nanomats, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing of the nanomats, additional images of the carbonized nanomats and composite samples, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the produced hybrid composites.

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Hussain, A., Keyvani, P., Cummings, R. et al. Multifunctional hybrid composites from novel asphaltene-based carbon nanofiber mats and woven carbon fiber. J Mater Sci (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-10217-2

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