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The effect of ultra-fast surface hardening and strengthening on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast (9Cr–3Co–3W) heat-resistant steel

  • Metals & corrosion
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Abstract

There is a need to investigate a novel non-traditional surface hardening procedure for heat-resistant steel micro-alloyed with boron. In this research, boron powder pack processing was employed. Steel samples were boronized and mechanically investigated using hardness, three-point bending, and wear tests. Scanning electron microscopes and EDX were used to examine the microstructure before and after boronization. Boron was added in the form of a 50/50 combination of borax and boric acid in a crucible inside an induction furnace at 1050 °C for 30 min. The application of borax and boric acid 50/50 increased flexural strength from 614 to 1526 MPa and a further increase to 1700 MPa is achieved when ammonia bicarbonate (25%) with borax and boric acid 50/50 (75%) were used. The combination of ultra-fast boronizing and ammonia causes both surface and bulk hardening, which increases flexural strength. The produced steels are suitable for thermal and neutron shielding.

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Data availability

Due to the sensitive nature of the data and privacy concerns, we regret to inform you that the datasets used in our research are not available for external sharing or public dissemination. The data are safeguarded to ensure the privacy and confidentiality of the individuals and entities involved in the study. We assure the editorial team that the unavailability of the data does not compromise the integrity of our research findings presented in the manuscript. We remain committed to upholding the highest standards of research ethics and compliance with relevant regulations.

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Acknowledgements

Not Applicable.

Funding

We would like to affirm that there is no external funding associated with this research project. Our research, conducted independently, has not received financial support from any external sources, organizations, or funding agencies. The entirety of the research, including design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation, has been carried out with internal resources and without external financial backing. Please consider this letter as a formal declaration that no external funding was secured for the research presented in our submission. If required, we are prepared to provide any additional documentation or information to support this declaration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Design and Production Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Giza Governorate, 12613, Egypt

    Modar Saood, Emad El-Din Farouk El-Kashif & Lina Abdelkader Enan

  2. Material Design and Engineering Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering and Material Science, The German University in Cairo, New Cairo, Egypt

    Bakr Mohamed Rabeeh

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Contributions

Eng. Lina Abdelkader Enan conceived the research idea and formulated the study design, conducted literature review, provided critical insights into the theoretical framework, took the lead in data collection and played a significant role in data analysis. Prof. Emad El-Din Farouk El-Kashif contributed to the development of the research design and methodology, undertook primary responsibility for data collection and quality control, analyzed and interpreted data, providing valuable statistical insights and collaborated in drafting and revising the manuscript for intellectual content. Dr. Bakr Mohamed Rabeeh played a key role in refining the research question and study objectives participated in data analysis and interpretation, offering critical perspectives and contributed significantly to the literature review and theoretical framework. Dr. Modar Saood contributed expertise in specific methodologies employed in the research, collaborated in drafting and revising the manuscript for intellectual content, reviewed and critiqued the manuscript for scientific accuracy and validity, provided valuable feedback on the overall structure and organization of the paper and approved the final version of the manuscript for submission. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript, and they collectively affirm that the work has not been published elsewhere. We are confident that our collaborative efforts have resulted in a comprehensive and rigorous contribution to the field.

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Correspondence to Modar Saood.

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Saood, M., El-Kashif, E.ED.F., Rabeeh, B.M. et al. The effect of ultra-fast surface hardening and strengthening on microstructure and mechanical properties of cast (9Cr–3Co–3W) heat-resistant steel. J Mater Sci 59, 11110–11121 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-024-09821-z

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