Abstract
Complex emulsions, such as double emulsions and high-internal-phase emulsions, have shown great applications in the fields of drug delivery, sensing, catalysis, oil-water separation and self-healing materials. Their controllable preparation is at the forefront of interface and material science. Surfactants and polymers have been widely used as emulsifiers for building complex emulsions. Yet some inherent disadvantages exist including multi-step emulsifications and low production efficiency. Alternatively, supramolecular polymer emulsifier for complex emulsions via one-step emulsification is rising as a new strategy due to the ease of preparation. In this feature article, we review our recent progresses in using supramolecular polymer emulsifiers for the preparation of complex emulsions. Double emulsions and high-internal-phase emulsions are successfully prepared via one-step emulsification with the help of different supramolecular interactions including electrostatic, hydrogen bond, coordination interaction and dynamic covalent bond, which will be particularly emphasized in detail. In the end, a comprehensive prospect is given for the future development of this field. This article is expected to provide new inspirations for preparing complex emulsions via supramolecular routes.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Tang, J.; Quinlan, P. J.; Tam, K. C. Stimuli-responsive pickering emulsions: recent advances and potential applications. Soft Matter 2015, 11(18), 3512–3529
Gupta, A.; Eral, H. B.; Hatton, T. A.; Doyle, P. S. Nanoemulsions: formation, properties and applications. Soft Matter 2016, 12(11), 2826–2841
Khan, A. Y.; Talegaonkar, S.; Iqbal, Z.; Ahmed, F. J.; Khar, R. K. Multiple emulsions: an overview. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2006, 3(4), 429–43
Dickinson, E. Stabilising emulsion-based colloidal structures with mixed food ingredients. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2013, 93(4), 710–721
McClements, D. J. Edible nanoemulsions: fabrication, properties, and functional performance. Soft Matter 2011, 7(6), 2297–2316
Shi, Y.; Yu, Q.; Sun, C.; Dong, F.; Yang, G.; Feng, J. Progress in research work field with respect to physical stability of emulsion oil in water for pesticides. China Surfactant Detergent and Cosmetics 2016, 46(3), 173–177
Feng, J.; Xiang, S.; Qian, K.; Zhu, F.; Yu, Q.; Wu, X. Characterization methods for emulsion stability and their applications in the research and development for pesticide emulsions oil in water. J. Pestic. Sci. 2015, 17(1), 15–26
He, L.; Lin, F.; Li, X.; Sui, H.; Xu, Z. Interfacial sciences in unconventional petroleum production: from fundamentals to applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2015, 44(15), 5446–5494
Yang, H.; Fu, L.; Wei, L.; Liang, J.; Binks, B. P. Compartmentalization of incompatible reagents within Pickering emulsion droplets for one-pot cascade reactions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2015, 137(3), 1362–1371
Yang, H.; Zhou, T.; Zhang, W. A strategy for separating and recycling solid catalysts based on the pH-triggered Pickering-emulsion inversion. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52(29), 7455–7459
Liang, F. X.; Yang, Z. Z. Progress in Janus composites toward interfacial engineering. Acta Polymerica Sinica (in Chinese) 2017, (6), 883–892
Cao, Z. Q.; Wang, G. J.; Chen, Y.; Lang, F. X.; Yang, Z. Z. Light-triggered responsive Janus composite nanosheets. Macromolecules 2015, 48(19), 7256–7261
Zhao, Z. G.; Liang, F. X.; Zhang, G. L.; Ji, X. Y.; Wang, Q.; Qu, X. Z.; Song, X. M.; Yang, Z. Z. Dually responsive Janus composite nanosheets. Macromolecules 2015, 48(11), 3598–3603
Xu, J. P.; Li, J.; Yang, Y.; Wang, K.; Xu, N.; Li, J. Y.; Liang, R. J.; Shen, L.; Xie, X. L.; Tao, J.; Zhu, J. T. Block copolymer capsules with structure-dependent release behavior. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, 55(47), 14633–14637
Hussain, M.; Xie, J.; Hou, Z. Y.; Shezad, K.; Xu, J. P.; Wang, K.; Gao, Y. J.; Shen, L.; Zhu, J. T. Regulation of drug release by tuning surface textures of biodegradable polymer microparticles. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9(16), 14391–14400
Wang, Z.; Cao, Y. Y.; Zhang, X. Y.; Wang, D. G.; Liu, M.; Xie, Z. G.; Wang, Y. P. Rapid self-assembly of block copolymers for flower-like particles with high throughput. Langmuir 2016, 32(50), 13517–13524
Xia, J. H.; Ji, S. B.; Xu, H. P. Diselenide covalent chemistry at the interface: stabilizing an asymmetric diselenide-containing polymer via micelle formation. Polym. Chem. 2016, 7(44), 6708–6713
Wang, W. C.; Pan, Y. X.; Shi, K.; Peng, C.; Jia, X. L. Hierarchical porous polymer beads prepared by polymerizationinduced phase separation and emulsion-template in a microfluidic device. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2014, 32(12), 1646–1654
Liang, J.; Zhang, G.; Wang, G.; Li, B.; Wu, L. Construction of ordered porous polymer film and functionality of pore structure via microemulsion template method. Chinese Sci. Bull. 2017, 62(6), 563–575
Yang, X. Y.; Chen, L. H.; Li, Y.; Rooke, J. C.; Sanchez, C.; Su, B. L. Hierarchically porous materials: synthesis strategies and structure design. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2017, 46(2), 481–558
Liu, L.; Jiang, L.; Xie, X.; Yang, S. Amphiphilic carbonaceous microsphere-stabilized oil-in-water Pickering emulsions and their applications in enzyme catalysis. ChemPlusChem 2016, 81(7), 629–636
Chen, Z.; Zhao, C.; Ju, E.; Ji, H.; Ren, J.; Binks, B. P.; Qu, X. Design of surface-active artificial enzyme particles to stabilize Pickering emulsions for high-performance biphasic biocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 2016, 28(8), 1682–1688
Gao, H.; Pan, J.; Han, D.; Zhang, Y.; Shi, W.; Zeng, J.; Peng, Y.; Yan, Y. Facile synthesis of microcellular foam catalysts with adjustable hierarchical porous structure, acid-base strength and wettability for biomass energy conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3(25), 13507–13518
Gu, X.; Ning, Y.; Yang, Y.; Wang, C. One-step synthesis of porous graphene-based hydrogels containing oil droplets for drug delivery. RSC Adv. 2014, 4(7), 3211–3218
Pulko, I.; Krajnc, P. High internal phase emulsion templating—a path to hierarchically porous functional polymers. Macromol. Rapid. Comm. 2012, 33(20), 1731–1746
Brun, N.; Ungureanu, S.; Deleuze, H.; Backov, R. Hybrid foams, colloids and beyond: from design to applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2011, 40(2), 771–788
Pulko, I.; Wall, J.; Krajnc, P.; Cameron, N. R. Ultra-high surface area functional porous polymers by emulsion templating and hypercrosslinking: efficient nucleophilic catalyst supports. Chem. Eur. J. 2010, 16(8), 2350–2354
Zhang, N.; Zhong, S.; Chen, T.; Zhou, Y.; Jiang, W. Emulsion-derived hierarchically porous polystyrene solid foam for oil removal from aqueous environment. RSC Adv. 2017, 7(37), 22946–22953
Na, X. M.; Gao, F.; Zhang, L. Y.; Su, Z. G.; Ma, G. H. Biodegradable microcapsules prepared by self-healing of porous microspheres. ACS Macro Lett. 2012, 1(6), 697–700
Wang, D. G.; Xiao, L. F.; Zhang, X. Y.; Zhang, K.; Wang, Y. P. Emulsion templating cyclic polymers as microscopic particles with tunable porous morphology. Langmuir 2016, 32(6), 1460–1467
Feng, S. B.; Fu, D. H.; Nie, L.; Zou, P.; Suo, J. P. A detailed view of PLGA-mPEG microsphere formation by double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2015, 33(7), 955–963
Wang, Q. G.; Liang, F. X.; Wang, Q.; Qu, X. Z.; Yang, Z. Z. Responsive composite Janus cages. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2015, 33(10), 1462–1469
Zhang, T.; Xu, Z.; Gui, H.; Guo, Q. Emulsion-templated, macroporous hydrogels for enhancing water efficiency in fighting fires. J. Mater. Chem. A 2017, 5(21), 10161–10164
Brown, P.; Butts, C. P.; Eastoe, J. Stimuli-responsive surfactants. Soft Matter 2013, 9(8), 2365–2374
Liu, Y.; Jessop, P. G.; Cunningham, M.; Eckert, C. A.; Liotta, C. L. Switchable surfactants. Science 2006, 313(5789), 958–960
Huang, X. P.; Qian, Q. P.; Wang, Y. P. Anisotropic particles from a one-pot double emulsion induced by partial wetting and their triggered release. Small 2014, 10(7), 1412–1420
Macon, A. L. B.; Rehman, S. U.; Bell, R. V.; Weaver, J. V. M. Reversible assembly of pH responsive branched copolymer-stabilised emulsion via electrostatic forces. Chem. Commun. 2016, 52(1), 136–139
Hanson, J. A.; Chang, C. B.; Graves, S. M.; Li, Z.; Mason, T. G.; Deming, T. J. Nanoscale double emulsions stabilized by single-component block copolypeptides. Nature 2008, 455(7209), 85–88
Hong, L.; Sun, G.; Cai, J.; Ngai, T. One-step formation of W/O/W multiple emulsions stabilized by single amphiphilic block copolymers. Langmuir 2012, 28(5), 2332–2336
Chen, Q.; Shi, T.; Han, F.; Li, Z.; Lin, C.; Zhao, P. Porous polystyrene monoliths and microparticles prepared from core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers-stabilized emulsions. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7, 8493
Brusotti, G.; Calleri, E.; Milanese, C.; Catenacci, L.; Marrubini, G.; Sorrenti, M.; Girella, A.; Massolini, G.; Tripodo, G. Rational design of functionalized polyacrylate-based high internal phase emulsion materials for analytical and biomedical uses. Polym. Chem. 2016, 7(48), 7436–7445
Woodward, R. T.; Slater, R. A.; Higgins, S.; Rannard, S. P.; Cooper, A. I.; Royles, B. J. L.; Findlay, P. H.; Weaver, J. V. M. Controlling responsive emulsion properties via polymer design. Chem. Commun. 2009, (24), 3554–3556
Verdonck, B.; Goethals, E. J.; Du Prez, F. E. Block copolymers of methyl vinyl ether and isobutyl vinyl ether with thermo-adjustable amphiphilic properties. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2003, 204(17), 2090–2098
Sun, G. Q.; Liu, M.; Zhou, X.; Hong, L. Z.; Ngai, T. Influence of asymmetric ratio of amphiphilic diblock copolymers on one-step formation and stability of multiple emulsions. Colloid. Surface. A 2014, 454, 16–22
Raduan, N. H.; Horozov, T. S.; Georgiou, T. K. "Comb-like" non-ionic polymeric macrosurfactants. Soft Matter 2010, 6(10), 2321–2329
Perrin, P.; Monfreux, N.; Lafuma, F. Highly hydrophobically modified polyelectrolytes stabilizing macroemulsions: relationship between copolymer structure and emulsion type. Colloid. Polym. Sci. 1999, 277(1), 89–94
Cho, H. K.; Cho, K. S.; Cho, J. H.; Choi, S. W.; Kim, J. H.; Cheong, I. W. Synthesis and characterization of PEO-PCL-PEO triblock copolymers: effects of the PCL chain length on the physical property of W-1/O/W-2 multiple emulsions. Colloid. Surface B 2008, 65(1), 61–68
Garti, N.; Bisperink, C. Double emulsions: progress and applications. Curr. Opin. Colloid In. 1998, 3(6), 657–667
Liang, F.; Shen, K.; Qu, X.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Q.; Li, J.; Liu, J.; Yang, Z. Inorganic Janus nanosheets. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50(10), 2379–2382
Datta, S. S.; Abbaspourrad, A.; Amstad, E.; Fan, J.; Kim, S. H.; Romanowsky, M.; Shum, H. C.; Sun, B.; Utada, A. S.; Windbergs, M.; Zhou, S.; Weitz, D. A. 25th anniversary article: double emulsion templated solid microcapsules: mechanics and controlled release. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26(14), 2205–18
Silva, B. F. B.; Rodríguez-Abreu, C.; Vilanova, N. Recent advances in multiple emulsions and their application as templates. Curr. Opin. Colloid In. 2016, 25, 98–108
Wang, S. Y.; Shi, X. D.; Gan, Z. H.; Wang, F. Preparation of PLGA microspheres with different porous morphologies. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2015, 33(1), 128–136
Wang, W. C.; Peng, C.; Shi, K.; Pan, Y. X.; Zhang, H. S.; Ji, X. L. Double emulsion droplets as microreactors for synthesis of magnetic macroporous polymer beads. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2014, 32(12), 1639–1645
Wang, W. C.; Shi, K.; Pan, Y. X.; Peng, C.; Zhao, Z. L.; Liu, W.; Liu, Y. G.; Ji, X. L. Fabrication of polymersomes with controllable morphologies through dewetting W/O/W double emulsion droplets. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2016, 34(4), 475–482
Mashaghi, S.; Abbaspourrad, A.; Weitz, D. A.; van Oijen, A. M. Droplet microfluidics: a tool for biology, chemistry and nanotechnology. Trac-trend. Anal. Chem. 2016, 82, 118–125
Eggersdorfer, M. L.; Zheng, W.; Nawar, S.; Mercandetti, C.; Ofner, A.; Leibacher, I.; Koehler, S.; Weitz, D. A. Tandem emulsification for high-throughput production of double emulsions. Lab Chip 2017, 17(5), 936–942
Wang, W.; Zhang, M. J.; Chu, L. Y. Functional polymeric microparticles engineered from controllable microfluidic emulsions. Acc. Chem. Res. 2014, 47(2), 373–384
Ma, G. H.; Sone, H.; Omi, S. Preparation of uniform-sized polystyrene-polyacrylamide composite microspheres from a W/O/W emulsion by membrane emulsification technique and subsequent suspension polymerization. Macromolecules 2004, 37(8), 2954–2964
Clegg, P. S.; Tavacoli, J. W.; Wilde, P. J. One-step production of multiple emulsions: microfluidic, polymer-stabilized and particle-stabilized approaches. Soft Matter 2016, 12(4), 998–1008
Ficheux, M. F.; Bonakdar, L.; Leal-Calderon, F.; Bibette, J. Some stability criteria for double emulsions. Langmuir 1998, 14(10), 2702–2706
Morais, J. M.; Santos, O. D. H.; Friberg, S. E. Some fundamentals of the one-step formation of double emulsions. J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 2010, 31(8), 1019–1026
Morais, J. M.; Santos, O. D. H.; Nunes, J. R. L.; Zanatta, C. F.; Rocha-Filho, P. A. W/O/W multiple emulsions obtained by one-step emulsification method and evaluation of the involved variables. J. Disper. Sci. Technol. 2008, 29(1), 63–69
Morais, J. M.; Rocha-Filho, P. A.; Burgess, D. J. Influence of phase inversion on the formation and stability of one-step multiple emulsions. Langmuir 2009, 25(14), 7954–7961
Binks, B. P.; Murakami, R.; Armes, S. P.; Fujii, S. Temperature-induced inversion of nanoparticle-stabilized emulsions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44(30), 4795–4798
Besnard, L.; Marchal, F.; Paredes, J. F.; Daillant, J.; Pantoustier, N.; Perrin, P.; Guenoun, P. Multiple emulsions controlled by stimuli-responsive polymers. Adv. Mater. 2013, 25(20), 2844–2848
Protat, M.; Bodin, N.; Gobeaux, F.; Malloggi, F.; Daillant, J.; Pantoustier, N.; Guenoun, P.; Perrin, P. Biocompatible stimuli-responsive W/O/W multiple emulsions prepared by one-step mixing with a single diblock copolymer emulsifier. Langmuir 2016, 32(42), 10912–10919
Manova, A.; Viktorova, J.; Köhler, J.; Theiler, S.; Keul, H.; Piryazev, A. A.; Ivanov, D. A.; Tsarkova, L.; Möller, M. Multilamellar thermoresponsive emulsions stabilized with biocompatible semicrystalline block copolymers. ACS Macro Lett. 2016, 5(2), 163–167
Chen, Q.; Xu, Y.; Cao, X.; Qin, L.; An, Z. Core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers with temperature and salt dual responsiveness: synthesis, formation of high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) and triggered demulsification. Polym. Chem. 2014, 5(1), 175–185
Chen, Q.; Hill, M. R.; Brooks, W. L. A.; Zhu, A.; Sumerlin, B. S.; An, Z. Boronic acid linear homopolymers as effective emulsifiers and gelators. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7(39), 21668–21672
Liu, F.; Lin, S. D.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Hu, J. W.; Liu, G. J.; Tu, Y. Y.; Yang, Y.; Zou, H. L.; Mo, Y. M.; Miao, L. pH-Responsive nanoemulsions for controlled drug release. Biomacromolecules 2014, 15(3), 968–977
Wang, D. G.; Liao, S. L.; Zhang, S. M.; Wang, Y. P. A reversed photosynthesis-like process for light-triggered CO2 capture, release, and conversion. ChemSusChem 2017, 10(12), 2573–2577
Wang, J.; Zhao, J.; Li, Y. B.; Yang, M.; Chang, Y. Q.; Zhang, J. P.; Sun, Z. W.; Wang, Y. P. Enhanced light absorption in porous particles for ultra-NIR-sensitive biomaterials. ACS Macro Lett. 2015, 4(4), 392–397
Cao, Y. Y.; Wang, Z.; Liao, S. L.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y. P. A light-activated microheater for the remote control of enzymatic catalysis. Chem. Eur. J. 2016, 22(3), 1152–1158
Qian, Q. P.; Huang, X. P.; Zhang, X. Y.; Xie, Z. G.; Wang, Y. P. One-step preparation of macroporous polymer particles with multiple interconnected chambers: a candidate for trapping biomacromolecules. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52(40), 10625–10629
Huang, X. P.; Fang, R. C.; Wang, D. G.; Wang, J.; Xu, H. P.; Wang, Y. P.; Zhang, X. Tuning polymeric amphiphilicity via Se ― N interactions: towards one-step double emulsion for highly selective enzyme mimics. Small 2015, 11(13), 1537–1541
Wang, D. G.; Huang, X. P.; Wang, Y. P. Managing the phase separation in double emulsion by tuning amphiphilicity via a supramolecular route. Langmuir 2014, 30(48), 14460–14468
Wang, Z.; Song, J.; Zhang, S.; Xu, X. Q.; Wang, Y. P. Formulating polyethylene glycol as supramolecular emulsifiers for one-step double emulsions. Langmuir 2017, 33(36), 9160–9169
Cameron, N. R.; Sherrington, D. C. High internal phase emulsions (HIPEs)-structure, properties and use in polymer preparation. Adv. Polym. Sci. 1996, 126, 163–214
Silverstein, M. S.; Cameron, N. R., “PolyHIPEs-porous polymers from high internal phase emulsions. In Encyclopedia of polymer science and technology”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: 2010
Silverstein, M. S. PolyHIPEs: recent advances in emulsiontemplated porous polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2014, 39(1), 199–234
Williams, J. M. High internal phase water-in-oil emulsionsinfluence of surfactants and cosurfactants on emulsion stability and foam quality. Langmuir 1991, 7(7), 1370–1377
Barbetta, A.; Cameron, N. R. Morphology and surface area of emulsion-derived (polyHIPE) solid foams prepared with oil-phase soluble porogenic solvents: span 80 as surfactant. Macromolecules 2004, 37(9), 3188–3201
Haibach, K.; Menner, A.; Powell, R.; Bismarck, A. Tailoring mechanical properties of highly porous polymer foams: silica particle reinforced polymer foams via emulsion templating. Polymer 2006, 47(13), 4513–4519
Kovacic, S.; Preishuber-Pfluegl, F.; Pahovnik, D.; Zagar, E.; Slugovc, C. Covalent incorporation of the surfactant into high internal phase emulsion templated polymeric foams. Chem. Commun. 2015, 51(36), 7725–7728
Binks, B. P.; Lumsdon, S. O. Catastrophic phase inversion of water-in-oil emulsions stabilized by hydrophobic silica. Langmuir 2000, 16(6), 2539–2547
Kralchevsky, P. A.; Ivanov, I. B.; Ananthapadmanabhan, K. P.; Lips, A. On the thermodynamics of particle-stabilized emulsions: curvature effects and catastrophic phase inversion. Langmuir 2005, 21(1), 50–63
Colver, P. J.; Bon, S. A. F. Cellular polymer monoliths made via Pickering high internal phase emulsions. Chem. Mater. 2007, 19(7), 1537–1539
Ikem, V. O.; Menner, A.; Bismarck, A. High internal phase emulsions stabilized solely by functionalized silica particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2008, 47(43), 8277–8279
Li, Z.; Ming, T.; Wang, J.; Ngai, T. High internal phase emulsions stabilized solely by microgel particles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48(45), 8490–8493
Sun, G.; Li, Z.; Ngai, T. Inversion of particle-stabilized emulsions to form high-internal-phase emulsions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2010, 49(12), 2163–2166
Ikem, V. O.; Menner, A.; Horozov, T. S.; Bismarck, A. Highly permeable macroporous polymers synthesized from Pickering medium and high internal phase emulsion templates. Adv. Mater. 2010, 22(32), 3588–3592
Yi, W.; Wu, H.; Wang, H.; Du, Q. Interconnectivity of macroporous hydrogels prepared via graphene oxide-stabilized Pickering high internal phase emulsions. Langmuir 2016, 32(4), 982–990
Ye, Y.; Jin, M.; Wan, D. One-pot synthesis of porous monolith-supported gold nanoparticles as an effective recyclable catalyst. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3(25), 13519–13525
Xu, H.; Zheng, X.; Huang, Y.; Wang, H.; Du, Q. Interconnected porous polymers with tunable pore throat size prepared via Pickering high internal phase emulsions. Langmuir 2016, 32(1), 38–45
Perrin, E.; Bizot, H.; Cathala, B.; Capron, I. Chitin nanocrystals for Pickering high internal phase emulsions. Biomacromolecules 2014, 15(10), 3766–3771
Li, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, Y.; Han, B.; Yang, G. High-internal-ionic liquid-phase emulsions. Chem. Commun. 2012, 48(7), 994–996
Cameron, N. R.; Sherrington, D. C. Synthesis and characterization of poly(aryl ether sulfone) polyHIPE materials. Macromolecules 1997, 30(19), 5860–5869
Menner, A.; Powell, R.; Bismarck, A. A new route to carbon black filled polyHIPEs. Soft Matter 2006, 2(4), 337–342
Viswanathan, P.; Chirasatitsin, S.; Ngamkham, K.; Engler, A. J.; Battaglia, G. Cell instructive microporous scaffolds through interface engineering. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134(49), 20103–20109
Kovacic, S.; Matsko, N. B.; Jerabek, K.; Krajnc, P.; Slugovc, C. On the mechanical properties of hipe templated macroporous poly(dicyclopentadiene) prepared with low surfactant amounts. J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1(3), 487–490
Viswanathan, P.; Johnson, D. W.; Hurley, C.; Cameron, N. R.; Battaglia, G. 3D surface functionalization of emulsiontemplated polymeric foams. Macromolecules 2014, 47(20), 7091–7098
Xing, Y.; Peng, J.; Xu, K.; Gao, S.; Gui, X.; Liang, S.; Sun, L.; Chen, M. A soluble star-shaped silsesquioxane-cored polymer-towards novel stabilization of pH-dependent high internal phase emulsions. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2017, 19(34), 23024–23033
Oh, B. H. L.; Bismarck, A.; Chan-Park, M. B. High internal phase emulsion templating with self-emulsifying and thermoresponsive chitosan-graft-PNIPAM-graft-oligoproline. Biomacromolecules 2014, 15(5), 1777–1787
Chen, Q. J.; An, Z. S. Synthesis of star polymeric ionic liquids and use as the stabilizers for high internal phase emulsions. Chinese J. Polym. Sci. 2017, 35(1), 54–65
Zhang, S.; Wang, D.; Pan, Q.; Gui, Q.; Liao, S.; Wang, Y. Light-triggered CO2 breathing foam via nonsurfactant high internal phase emulsion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2017, 9, 34497–34505
Huang, X. P.; Yang, Y. D.; Shi, J. Z.; Ngo, H. T.; Shen, C. H.; Du, W. B.; Wang, Y. P. High-internal-phase emulsion tailoring polymer amphiphilicity towards an efficient NIR-sensitive bacteria filter. Small 2015, 11(37), 4876–4883
Chen, Y. W.; Wang, Z.; Wang, D. G.; Ma, N.; Li, C. C.; Wang, Y. P. Surfactant-free emulsions with erasable triggered phase inversions. Langmuir 2016, 32(42), 11039–11042.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21674127, 21422407 and 51373197).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Invited paper for special issue of “Supramolecular Self-Assembly”
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Z., Liao, S. & Wang, Y. Supramolecular Polymer Emulsifiers for One-step Complex Emulsions. Chin J Polym Sci 36, 288–296 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-018-2084-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-018-2084-0