Abstract
Rapidly growing virtual reality (VR) technologies and techniques have gained importance over the past few years, and academics and practitioners have been searching for efficient visualizations in VR. To date, the emphasis has been on the employment of game technologies. Despite the growing interest and potential, visualization studies have lacked a common baseline in the transition period of 2D visualizations to immersive ones. To this end, the presented study aims to provide a systematic literature review that explains the state-of-the-art research and future trends in visualization in virtual reality. The research framework is grounded in empirical and theoretical works of visualization. We characterize the reviewed literature based on three dimensions: (a) Connection with visualization background and theory, (b) Evaluation and design considerations for virtual reality visualization, and (c) Empirical studies. The results from this systematic review suggest that: (1) There are only a few studies that focus on creating standard guidelines for virtual reality, and each study individually provides a framework or employs previous studies on traditional 2D visualizations; (2) With the myriad of advantages provided for visualization and virtual reality, most of the studies prefer to use game engines; (3) Although game engines are extensively used, they are not convenient for critical scientific studies; and (4) 3D versions of traditional statistical visualization techniques, such as bar plots and scatter plots, are still commonly used in the data visualization context. This systematic review attempts to add a clear picture of the emerging contexts, different elements, and interdependencies to the literature.
Similar content being viewed by others
Explore related subjects
Discover the latest articles, news and stories from top researchers in related subjects.Availability of data and materials
The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
References
Aamir A, Tamosiunaite M, Wörgötter F (2022) Caffe2Unity: immersive visualization and interpretation of deep neural networks. Electronics 11(1):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11010083
Akin S, Ergun O, Surer E, Dino IG (2020) An immersive performative architectural design tool with daylighting simulations: a building information modeling-based approach. Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management
Akpan IJ, Shanker M (2019) A comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of virtual reality, 3D visualization and 2D visual interactive simulation: an exploratory meta-analysis. SIMULATION 95(2):145–170
Amores J, Benavides X, Maes P (2015) Showme: a remote collaboration system that supports immersive gestural communication. In: proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM conference extended abstracts on human factors in computing systems pp 1343–1348
Aparicio, M., & Costa, C. J. (2015). Data visualization. Communication design quarterly review, 3(1), 7-11.
Ardulov V, Pariser O (2017) Immersive data interaction for planetary and earth sciences. In: 2017 IEEE virtual reality (VR) pp 263–264 IEEE
Asjad NS, Adams H, Paris R, Bodenheimer B (2018) Perception of height in virtual reality: a study of climbing stairs. In: proceedings of the 15th acm symposium on applied perception pp 1–8
Bailey BJ, Lilja A, Strong C, Moline K, Kavallaris M, Hughes RT, McGhee J (2019) Multi-user immersive virtual reality prototype for collaborative visualization of microscopy image data. In: the 17th international conference on virtual-reality continuum and its applications in industry pp 1–2
Bender J, Müller M, Macklin M (2015) Position-based simulation methods in computer graphics. In: Eurographics (tutorials) p 8
Bergmann T, Balzer MN, Hopp T, van de Kamp T, Kopmann A, Jerome NT, Zapf M (2017) Inspiration from VR gaming technology: deep immersion and realistic interaction for scientific visualization. In: VISIGRAPP (3: IVAPP), pp 330–334
Bertin J (1983) Semiology of graphics. University of Wisconsin press
Blinn JF (1982) A generalization of algebraic surface drawing. ACM Trans Gr (TOG) 1(3):235–256
Bobek S, Tadeja SK, Struski Ł, Stachura P, Kipouros T, Tabor J, Kristensson PO (2022) Virtual reality-based parallel coordinates plots enhanced with explainable ai and data-science analytics for decision-making processes. Appl Sci 12(1):331
Bonali FL, Russo E, Vitello F, Antoniou V, Marchese F, Fallati L, Bracchi V, Corti N, Savini A, Whitworth M, Drymoni K, Mariotto FP, Nomikou P, Sciacca E, Bressan S, Falsaperla S, Reitano D, van Wyk de Vries B, Krokos M, Panieri G, Stiller-Reeve MA, Vizzari G, Becciani U, Tibaldi A (2022) How Academics and the Public Experienced Immersive Virtual Reality for Geo-Education. Geosciences, 12(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences12010009
Bostock M, Ogievetsky V, Heer J (2011) D3 data-driven documents. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr 17(12):2301–2309
Brehmer M, Munzner T (2013) A multi-level typology of abstract visualization tasks. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr 19(12):2376–2385
Broucke SV, Deligiannis N (2019) Visualization of real-time heterogeneous smart city data using virtual reality. In: 2019 IEEE international smart cities conference (ISC2) pp 685–690. IEEE
Brunhart-Lupo N, Bush B, Gruchalla K, Potter K, Smith S (2020) Collaborative exploration of scientific datasets using immersive and statistical visualization (No. NREL/CP-2C00–76783). National renewable energy lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Butcher PW, Ritsos PD, John NW (2019) VriA-A framework for immersive analytics on the web. In: conference on human factors in computing systems proceedings, p 2–7
Caldarola EG, Rinaldi AM (2017) Big data visualization tools: a survey. Research Gate
Caserman P, Garcia-Agundez A, Gobel S (2019) A survey of full-body motion reconstruction in immersive virtual reality applications. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 26(10):3089–3108
Cassidy KC, Sefcık J, Raghav Y, Chang A, Durrantˇ JD (2020) ProteinVR: web-based molecular visualization in virtual reality. PLoS Comput Biol 16(3):1–17
Chandler T, Cordeil M, Czauderna T, Dwyer T, Glowacki J, Goncu C, Wilson E (2015) Immersive Analytics. In: 2015 Big data visual analytics (BDVA), Vol. 1. Institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE), Hobart, TAS, USA, 1–8
Chang TP, Weiner D (2016) Screen-based simulation and virtual reality for pediatric emergency medicine. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med 17(3):224–230
Chawla P, Hazarika S, Shen HW (2020) Token-wise sentiment decomposition for ConvNet: visualizing a sentiment classifier. Vis Inform 4(2):132–141
Cruz-Neira C, Sandin DJ, DeFanti TA, Kenyon RV, Hart JC (1992) The cave: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment. Commun ACM 35(6):64–73
Curtis V (2015) Motivation to participate in an online citizen science game: a study of foldit. Sci Commun 37(6):723–746
Dede C (2009) Immersive interfaces for engagement and learning. Science 323(5910):66–69
Deterding S, Dixon D, Khaled R, Nacke L (2011) From game design elements to gamefulness: Defining “gamification”. In: proceedings of the 15th international academic MindTrek conference: Envisioning future media environments. pp 9–15
Dong H, Liang X, Liu Y, Wang D (2022) 5G virtual reality in the design and dissemination of contemporary urban image system under the background of big data. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing
Drogemuller A, Cunningham A, Walsh J, Ross W, Thomas BH (2017) VRige: exploring social network interactions in immersive virtual environments. In: Big data visual and immersive analytics.
Drouhard M, Steed CA, Hahn S, Proffen T, Daniel J, Matheson M (2015) Immersive visualization for materials science data analysis using the Oculus Rift. In: 2015 IEEE international conference on big data (Big Data) pp 2453–2461 IEEE
Du F, Plaisant C, Spring N, Shneiderman B (2016) Eventaction: visual analytics for temporal event sequence recommendation. In: 2016 IEEE conference on visual analytics science and technology (VAST) pp 61–70
Du R, Li D, Varshney A (2019) Geollery: a mixed reality social media platform. In: proceedings of the 2019 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems pp 1–13
Dwyer T, Marriott K, Isenberg T, Klein K, Riche N, Schreiber F, Thomas BH (2018) Immersive analytics: an introduction. In: immersive analytics pp. 1–23 Springer, Cham
El Jamiy F, Marsh R (2018) Survey on depth perception in head mounted displays: distance estimation in virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality. IET Image Proc 13(5):707–712
Elden M (2017) Implementation and initial assessment of VR for scientific visualisation: extending unreal engine 4 to visualise scientific data on the HTC Vive. MSc Thesis, 108
Ens B, Cordeil M, North C, Dwyer T, Besançon L, Prouzeau A, Liu J, Cunningham A, Drogemuller A, Satriadi KA, et al (2022) Immersive analytics 2.0: Spatial and embodied sensemaking. In CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems Extended Abstracts pp 1–7
Escobar-Castillejos D, Noguez J, Neri L, Magana A, Benes B (2016) A review of simulators with haptic devices for medical training. J Med Syst 40(4):1–22
Ferdani D, Demetrescu E, Cavalieri M, Pace G, Lenzi S (2020) 3D modelling and visualization in field archaeology: from survey to interpretation of the past using digital technologies. Groma Documenting archaeology
Fernandez-Palacios BJ, Morabito D, Remondino F (2017) Access to complex reality-based 3D models using virtual reality solutions. J Cult Herit 23:40–48
Ferrell JB, Campbell JP, McCarthy DR, McKay KT, Hensinger M, Srinivasan R, Zhao X, Wurthmann A, Li J, Schneebeli ST (2019) Chemical exploration with virtual reality in organic teaching laboratories. J Chem Educ 96(9):1961–1966
Fittkau F, Krause A, Hasselbring W (2015) Exploring software cities in virtual reality. 2015 IEEE 3rd working conference on software visualization, VISSOFT 2015-Proceedings, 130–134
Fonnet A, Prie Y (2021) Survey of immersive analytics. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 27(3):2101–2122
Freina L, Ott M (2015) A literature review on immersive virtual reality in education: state of the art and perspectives. In: the international scientific conference elearning and software for education, vol 1, pp 10–1007
Friendly M (2007) A-M Guerry's. Moral Statistics of France: challenges for multivariable spatial analysis. Stat Sci, pp 368–399
Friendly M, Sigal M, Harnanansingh D (2017) The milestones project: A database for the history of data visualization. In Visible Numbers: Essays on the History of Statistical Graphics pp 219–234 Routledge
Fussell SR, Setlock LD (2014) Computer-mediated communication. In: Handbook of language and social psychology pp 471–490. Oxford University Press
Gal R, Shapira L, Ofek E, Kohli P (2014) Flare: fast layout for augmented reality applications. In: 2014 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR). pp 207–212. IEEE
Gamberini L, Chittaro L, Spagnolli A, Carlesso C (2015) Psychological response to an emergency in virtual reality: effects of victim ethnicity and emergency type on helping behavior and navigation. Comput Hum Behav 48:104–113
Gettens RJ (1964) Science and archeology: archaeology and the microscope. The scientific examination of archaeological evidence. Leo Biek. Lutterworth, London, 1963. 287 pp Illus. 45s. Science, 143(3601): 36–36
Gibson JJ (1977) The concept of affordances. Perceiving, acting, and knowing
Goncalves G, Bessa M, Melo M, Coelho H, Monteiro P E (2021) Hands-free interaction in immersive virtual reality: a systematic review
Grabowski A, Jankowski J (2015) Virtual reality-based pilot training for underground coal miners. Saf Sci 72:310–314
Gradl S, Wirth M, Zillig T, Eskofier BM (2018) Visualization of heart activity in virtual reality: a biofeedback application using wearable sensors. In: 2018 IEEE 15th international conference on wearable and implantable body sensor networks (BSN) pp 152–155. IEEE
Gugenheimer J, Stemasov E, Frommel J, Rukzio E (2017a) ShareVR: enabling co-located experiences for virtual reality between HMD and non-HMD users. In: conference on human factors in computing systems proceedings Vol 2017a, pp 4021–4033
Gugenheimer J, Stemasov E, Frommel J, Rukzio E (2017b) ShareVR: Enabling co-located experiences for virtual reality between HMD and Non-HMD users. In: proceedings of the 2017b CHI conference on human factors in computing systems pp 4021–4033
Guo R, Fujiwara T, Li Y, Lima KM, Sen S, Tran NK, Ma KL (2020) Comparative visual analytics for assessing medical records with sequence embedding. Vis Informa 4(2):72–85
Hadjar H, Meziane A, Gherbi R, Setitra I, Aouaa N (2018) WebVR based interactive visualization of open health data. In: ACM international conference proceeding series pp 56–63
Hanwell MD, Martin KM, Chaudhary A, Avila LS (2015) The visualization toolkit (vtk): rewriting the rendering code for modern graphics cards. SoftwareX 1:9–12
He Z, Du R, Perlin K (2020) Collabovr: a reconfigurable framework for creative collaboration in virtual reality. In: 2020 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality (ISMAR) pp 542–554 IEEE
Heer J (2009) Protovis: a graphical toolkit for visualization. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr 15(6):1121–1128
Heer J, Card SK, Landay JA (2005) Prefuse: a toolkit for interactive information visualization. In: proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on human factors in computing systems pp 421–430
Helbig C, Bauer HS, Rink K, Wulfmeyer V, Frank M, Kolditz O (2014) Concept and workflow for 3D visualization of atmospheric data in a virtual reality environment for analytical approaches. Environ Earth Sci 72(10):3767–3780
Hirota K, Tagawa K (2016) Interaction with virtual object using deformable hand. IEEE Virtual Real (VR) 2016:49–56
Hoppe AH, van de Camp F, Stiefelhagen R (2021) Shisha: enabling shared perspective with face-to-face collaboration using redirected avatars in virtual reality. Proc ACM Hum-Comput Interact 4(CSCW3):1–22
Horton BK, Kalia RK, Moen E, Nakano A, Nomura K, Qian M, Vashishta P, Hafreager A (2019) Game-engine-assisted research platform for scientific computing (GEARS) in virtual reality. SoftwareX 9:112–116
Huang J, Lucash MS, Scheller RM, Klippel A (2019) Visualizing ecological data in virtual reality. 26th IEEE conference on virtual reality and 3D user interfaces, VR 2019 proceedings, 1311–1312
Huang Y, Zhai X, Ali S, Liu R (2016) Design and implementation of traditional Chinese medicine education visualization platform based on virtual reality technology. In: 2016 8th international conference on information technology in medicine and education (ITME) pp 499–502 IEEE
Hubenschmid S, Wieland J, Fink DI, Batch A, Za Germann J, Elmqvist N, Reiterer H (2022) Relive: bridging in-situ and ex-situ visual analytics for analyzing mixed reality user studies. In: CHI conference on human factors in computing systems pp 1–20
Hurter C, Riche NH, Drucker SM, Cordeil M, Alligier R, Vuillemot R (2018) Fiberclay: sculpting three dimensional trajectories to reveal structural insights. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Gr 25(1):704–714
Hvass J, Larsen O, Vendelbo K, Nilsson N, Nordahl R, Serafin, S (2018) Visual realism and presence in a virtual reality game. In 3DTV-Conference 2017 pp 1–4
Ibayashi H, Sugiura Y, Sakamoto D, Miyata N, Tada M, Okuma T, Kurata T, Mochimaru, M, Igarashi T (2015) Dollhouse vr: a multi-view, multi-user collaborative design workspace with vr technology. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2015 emerging technologies pp 1–2
Ivson P, Moreira A, Queiroz F, Santos W, Celes W (2020) A systematic review of visualization in building information modeling. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 26(10):3109–3127
Jacovi A, Shalom OS, Goldberg Y (2018) Understanding convolutional neural networks for text classification. arXiv preprintarXiv:1809.08037
Jamroz D (2009) Multidimensional labyrinth–multidimensional virtual reality. In: man-machine interactions pp 445–450 Springer
Jamroz D (2018) Application of perspective-based observational tunnels method to visualization of multidimensional fractals. In: international conference on artificial intelligence and soft computing pp 364–375 Springer
Jamroz D (2020) Multidimensional virtual reality-mvr method: a new method of visualization of multidimensional worlds. Vis Comput 36(4):733–742
Jeelani I, Han K, Albert A (2020a) Development of virtual reality and stereo-panoramic environments for construction safety training. Engineering, construction and architectural management
Jeelani I, Han K, Albert A (2020b) Development of virtual reality and stereo-panoramic environments for construction safety training. Eng Constr Archit Manag 27(8):1853–1876
Jin Z, Cui S, Guo S, Gotz D, Sun J, Cao N (2020) Carepre: an intelligent clinical decision assistance system. ACM Trans Comput Healthc 1(1):1–20
Joo SY, Cho YS, Lee SY, Seok H, Seo CH (2020) Effects of virtual reality-based rehabilitation on burned hands: a prospective, randomized, singleblind study. J Clin Med 9(3):731
Juanes JA, Ruisoto P, Briz-Ponce L (2016) Immersive visualization anatomical environment using virtual reality devices. In: proceedings of the fourth international conference on technological ecosystems for enhancing multiculturality pp 473–477
Keim DA, Mansmann F, Schneidewind J, Thomas J, Ziegler H (2008) Visual analytics: scope and challenges. In: visual data mining pp 76–90 Springer
Keiriz JJ, Zhan L, Ajilore O, Leow AD, Forbes AG (2018) Neurocave: a web-based immersive visualization platform for exploring connectome datasets. Netw Neurosci 2(3):344–361
Kersten TP, Tschirschwitz F, Deggim S (2017) Development of a virtual museum including a 4D presentation of building history in virtual reality. International archives of the photogrammetry, remote sensing and spatial information sciences ISPRS archives, 42(2W3): 361–367
Kitchenham B, Charters S (2007). Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering
Kokelj, Z., Bohak, C., & Marolt, M (2018) A web-based virtual reality environment for medical visualization. In: 2018 41st international convention on information and communication technology, Electronics and microelectronics, MIPRO 2018-Proceedings pp 299–302
Kraus M, Angerbauer K, Buchmüller J, Schweitzer D, Keim, DA, Sedlmair M, Fuchs J (2020) Assessing 2D and 3D heatmaps for comparative analysis: an empirical study. In: conference on human factors in computing systems-Proceedings pp 1–14
Kriglstein S (2019) A taxonomy of visualizations for gameplay data. In: data analytics applications in gaming and entertainment pp 223
Krokos E, Rowden A, Whitley K, Varshney A (2018) Visual analytics for root dns data. In: 2018 IEEE symposium on visualization for cyber security (VizSec) pp 1–8 IEEE Computer Society
Kwok PK, Yan M, Chan BK, Lau HY (2019) Crisis management training using discrete-event simulation and virtual reality techniques. Comput Ind Eng 135:711–722
Kwon BC, Choi MJ, Kim JT, Choi E, Kim YB, Kwon S, Sun J, Choo J (2018) Retainvis: visual analytics with interpretable and interactive recurrent neural networks on electronic medical records. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 25(1):299–309
Kwon OH, Muelder C, Lee K, Ma KL (2015) Spherical layout and rendering methods for immersive graph visualization. In: IEEE pacific visualization symposium 2015 pp 63–67
Lee H, Kim H, Monteiro DV, Goh Y, Han D, Liang HN, Yang HS, Jung J (2019) Annotation vs. virtual tutor: comparative analysis on the effectiveness of visual instructions in immersive virtual reality. In: proceedings-2019 IEEE international symposium on mixed and augmented reality, ISMAR 2019 pp 318–327
Li D, Lee E, Schwelling E, Quick MG, Meyers P, Du R, Varshney A (2020) Meteovis: visualizing meteorological events in virtual reality. In: extended abstracts of the 2020 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems pp 1–9
Li D, Mei H, Shen Y, Su S, Zhang W, Wang J, Zu M, Chen W (2018a) Echarts: a declarative framework for rapid construction of web-based visualization. Vis Inform 2(2):136–146
Li H, Yang H, Zhao J, Chen C, Hao F (2018b) Simulation of water surface using current consumer-level graphics hardware. Multimed Tools Appl 77(22):30149–30166
Li W, Agrawala M, Curless B, Salesin D (2008) Automated generation of interactive 3d exploded view diagrams. ACM Trans Gr (TOG) 27(3):1–7
Li X, Lv Z, Wang W, Zhang B, Hu J, Yin L, Feng S (2016) WebVRGIS based traffic analysis and visualization system. Adv Eng Softw 93:1–8
Liimatainen K, Latonen L, Valkonen M, Kartasalo K, Ruusuvuori P (2020) Virtual reality for 3d histology: multi-scale visualization of organs with interactive feature exploration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2003.11148
Liu M, Liu G (2010) Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (sph): an overview and recent developments. Arch Comput Methods Eng 17(1):25–76
Liu M, Shi J, Li Z, Li C, Zhu J, Liu S (2016) Towards better analysis of deep convolutional neural networks. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 23(1):91–100
Liu S, Ma C, Feng G (2019) Haptic rendering for the coupling between fluid and deformable object. Virtual Real 23(1):33–44
Liu S, Xiong Y (2013) Fast and stable simulation of virtual water scenes with interactions. Virtual Real 17(1):77–88
Liu S, Yu Z (2015) Sounding fire for immersive virtual reality. Virtual Real 19(3):291–302
Lv Z, Yin T, Zhang X, Song H, Chen G (2016) Virtual reality smart city based on WebVRGIS. IEEE Internet Things J 3(6):1015–1024
Lynch T, Martins N (2015) Nothing to fear? An analysis of college students’ fear experiences with video games. J Broadcast Electron Media 59(2):298–317
Marks S, White D, Singh M (2017) Getting up your nose: a virtual reality education tool for nasal cavity anatomy. In: SIGGRAPH Asia 2017 symposium on education pp 1–7
Marriott K, Chen J, Hlawatsch M, Itoh T, Nacenta MA, Reina G, Stuerzlinger W (2018) Just 5 questions: toward a design framework for immersive analytics. In: immersive analytics pp 259–288 Springer, Cham
Martinez X, Baaden M (2020) Fair sharing of molecular visualization experiences: from pictures in the cloud to collaborative virtual reality exploration in immersive 3D environments. bioRxiv
Mascolino V, Haghighat A, Polys N, Roskoff NJ, Rajamohan S (2019) A collaborative virtual reality system (VRS) with X3D visualization for RAPID. In: proceedings-Web3D 2019: 24th international ACM conference on 3D web technology
Medler B, Magerko B (2011) Analytics of play: using information visualization and gameplay practices for visualizing video game data. Parsons J Inform Mapp 3(1):1–12
Mehrotra C, Chitransh N, Singh A (2017) Scope and challenges of visual analytics: a survey. In: 2017 international conference on computing, communication and Automation (ICCCA) pp 1229–1234 IEEE
Mei H, Chen W, Ma Y, Guan H, Hu W (2018) Viscomposer: a visual programmable composition environment for information visualization. Vis Inform 2(1):71–81
Mikropoulos TA, Natsis A (2011) Educational virtual environments: a ten-year review of empirical research (1999–2009). Comput Educ 56(3):769–780
Millais P, Jones SL, Kelly R (2018) Exploring data in virtual reality: Comparisons with 2D data visualizations. In: conference on human factors in computing systems-Proceedings pp 5–10
Miller JA, Lee V, Cooper S, Seif El-Nasr M (2019) Large-scale analysis of visualization options in a citizen science game. In: extended abstracts of the annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play companion extended abstracts pp 535–542
Misiak M, Schreiber A, Fuhrmann A, Zur S, Seider D, Nafeie L (2018) Islandviz: a tool for visualizing modular software systems in virtual reality. In: 2018 IEEE working conference on software visualization (VISSOFT) pp 112–116 IEEE
Molka-Danielsen J, Prasolova-Førland E, Hokstad, LM, Fominykh M (2015) Creating safe and effective learning environment for emergency management training using virtural reality. Norsk konferanse for organisasjoners bruk av IT, 23(1)
Monaco D, Pellegrino MA, Scarano V, Vicidomini L (2022) Linked open data in authoring virtual exhibitions. J Cult Herit 53:127–142
Moon JD, Galea MP (2016) Overview of clinical decision support systems in healthcare. In: Improving health management through clinical decision support systems pp 1–27 IGI Global
Munster S, Maiwald F, Lehmann C, Lazariv T, Hofmann M, Niebling, F (2020) An automated pipeline for a browser-based, city-scale mobile 4d vr application based on historical images. In: proceedings of the 2nd workshop on structuring and understanding of multimedia heritage contents pp 33–40
Nagao R, Matsumoto K, Narumi T, Tanikawa T, Hirose M (2018) Ascending and descending in virtual reality: simple and safe system using passive haptics. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 24(4):1584–1593
Oberhauser R, Lecon C (2017) Gamified virtual reality for program code structure comprehension. Int J Virtual Real 17(2):79–88
Okada K, Yoshida M, Itoh T, Czauderna T, Stephens K (2018) VR system for spatio-temporal visualization of tweet data
Onorati T, Dıaz P, Zarraonandia T, Aedo I (2018) The immersive bubble chart: a semantic and virtual reality visualization for big data. In: the 31st annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology adjunct proceedings pp 176–178
Orts-Escolano S, Rhemann C, Fanello S, Chang W, Kowdle A, Degtyarev Y, Izadi S (2016) Holoportation: virtual 3d teleportation in real-time. In: proceedings of the 29th annual symposium on user interface software and technology pp 741–754
Pajorová E, Hluchý L, Kostič I, Pajorová J, Bačáková M, Zatloukal M (2018) A virtual reality visualization tool for three-dimensional biomedical nanostructures. In: journal of physics: conference series Vol 1098, No 1, p 012001. IOP Publishing
Pan J, Zhao C, Zhao X, Hao A, Qin H (2015) Metaballs-based physical modeling and deformation of organs for virtual surgery. Vis Comput 31(6):947–957
Polys NF, Bowman DA (2004) Design and display of enhancing information in desktop information-rich virtual environments: challenges and techniques. Virtual Real 8(1):41–54
Pousman Z, Stasko J, Mateas M (2007) Casual information visualization: depictions of data in everyday life. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 13(6):1145–1152
Rachevsky DC, Souza VCD, Nedel L (2018) Visualization and interaction in immersive virtual reality games: a user evaluation study. Proceedings-2018 20th symposium on virtual and augmented reality. SVR 2018:89–98
Radianti J, Majchrzak TA, Fromm J, Wohlgenannt I (2020) A systematic review of immersive virtual reality applications for higher education: design elements, lessons learned, and research agenda. Comput Educ 147:103778
Raya L, Garcia-Rueda JJ, López-Fernández D, Mayor J (2021) Virtual reality application for fostering interest in art. IEEE Comput Gr Appl 41(2):106–113
Reddivari S, Smith J, Pabalate J (2017) Vrvisu: a tool for virtual reality-based visualization of medical data. In: 2017 IEEE/ACM international conference on connected health: applications, systems and engineering technologies (CHASE), IEEE, 280–281
Rehme M (2018) Using cinematic effects to visualize the deep-water impact data set. 2018 IEEE scientific visualization conference, SciVis 2018 Proceedings, 82–84
Ren D, Höllerer T, Yuan X (2014) iVisDesigner: expressive interactive design of information visualizations. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 20(12):2092–2101
Ren D, Lee B, Hollerer T (2017) Stardust: accessible and transparent GPU support for information visualization rendering. Comput Gr Forum 36(3):179–188
Ren H, Hornecker E (2021) Comparing understanding and memorization in physicalization and VR visualization. In: TEI 2021-proceedings of the 15th international conference on tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Rendgen S (2018) The minard system: the complete statistical graphics of Charles-Joseph Minard. Chronicle Books
Rhyne TM, Tory M, Munzner T, Ward M, Johnson C, Laidlaw DH (2003) Information and scientific visualization: separate but equal or happy together at last. In: visualization conference, IEEE pp 115–115 IEEE Computer Society
Riccardo MB, Bourdarios AC, Hovdesven M, Vukotic I (2019) Virtual reality and game engines for interactive data visualization and event displays in HEP, an example from the ATLAS experiment. EPJ Web Conf 214:02013
Roberts JC, Butcher PW, Ritsos PD (2022) One view is not enough: review of and encouragement for multiple and alternative representations in 3D and immersive visualization. Computers 11(2):20
Ronchi E, Nilsson D, Kojić S, Eriksson J, Lovreglio R, Modig H, Walter AL (2016) A virtual reality experiment on flashing lights at emergency exit portals for road tunnel evacuation. Fire Technol 52(3):623–647
Rosero F (2017) Assessment of people’s perception of fire growth: a virtual reality study
Satyanarayan A, Heer J (2014) Lyra: an interactive visualization design environment. Comput Gr Forum, Wiley Online Lib 33:351–360
Satyanarayan A, Moritz D, Wongsuphasawat K, Heer J (2017) Vega-Lite: A grammar of interactive graphics. IEEE Trans Visual Comput Graphics 23(1):341–350
Satyanarayan A, Russell R, Hoffswell J, Heer J (2015) Reactive vega: a streaming dataflow architecture for declarative interactive visualization. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 22(1):659–668
Sauzéon H, Pala PA, Larrue F, Wallet G, Déjos M, Zheng X, Guitton P, N’Kaoua B (2012) The use of virtual reality for episodic memory assessment. Experimental Psychology
Schreiber M, Neumann P, Zimmer S, Bungartz HJ (2011) Free-surface lattice-boltzmann simulation on many-core architectures. Proced Comput Sci 4:984–993
Schweibenz W (1998) The “virtual museum”: new perspectives for museums to present objects and information using the internet as a knowledge base and communication system. Isi 34:185–200
Seaborn K, Fels DI (2015) Gamification in theory and action: a survey. Int J Hum Comput Stud 74:14–31
Selvaraju RR, Cogswell M, Das A, Vedantam R, Parikh D, Batra D (2017) Grad-cam: visual explanations from deep networks via gradient-based localization, 618–626
Seth A, Vance JM, Oliver JH (2011) Virtual reality for assembly methods prototyping: a review. Virtual Real 15(1):5–20
Sevastjanova R, Schafer H, Bernard J, Keim D, ElAssady M (2019) Shall we play?–extending the visual analytics design space through gameful design concepts. In: MLUI 2019: machine learning from user interactions for visualization and analytics, IEEE VIS 2019 workshop
Shamsuzzoha A, Toshev R, Vu Tuan V, Kankaanpaa T, Helo P (2019) Digital factory–virtual reality environments for industrial training and maintenance. Interactive learning environments, 1–24
Shrestha S, Mohamed MA., Chakraborty J (2016) A comparative pilot study of historical artifacts in a CAVE automatic virtual reality environment versus paper-based artifacts. In: proceedings of the 18th international conference on human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services adjunct, MobileHCI 2016, 968–977
Sicat R, Li J, Choi J, Cordeil M, Jeong WK, Bach B, Pfister H (2019) DXR: a toolkit for building immersive data visualizations. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 25(1):715–725
Skamantzari M (2018) 3D visualization for virtual museum development
Slater M, Khanna P, Mortensen J, Yu I (2009) Visual realism enhances realistic response in an immersive virtual environment. IEEE Comput Gr Appl 29(3):76–84
Soeiro J, Cláudio AP, Carmo MB, Ferreira HA (2016) Mobile solution for brain visualization using augmented and virtual reality. In: 2016 20th international conference information visualisation (IV), IEEE, 124–129
Sommer B, Baaden M, Krone M, Woods A (2018) From virtual reality to immersive analytics in bioinformatics. J Integr Bioinform 15(2):1–6
Sooai AG, Nugroho A, Al Azam MN, Sumpeno S, Purnomo MH (2017) Virtual artifact: enhancing museum exhibit using 3D virtual reality. In: 2017 TRON symposium (TRONSHOW), pp 1–5, IEEE
Sousa M, Mendes D, Paulo S, Matela N, Jorge J, Lopes DS (2017) Vrrrroom: virtual reality for radiologists in the reading room. In: proceedings of the 2017 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems, pp 4057–4062
Steinbeck M, Koschke R, Rudel MO (2019) Comparing the evostreets visualization technique in two-and three-dimensional environments a controlled experiment. In: 2019 IEEE/ACM 27th international conference on program comprehension (ICPC) pp 231–242, IEEE
Stolte C, Tang D, Hanrahan P (2002) Polaris: a system for query, analysis, and visualization of multidimensional relational databases. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 8(1):52–65
Suh A, Prophet J (2018) The state of immersive technology research: a literature analysis. Comput Hum Behav 86:77–90
Sun B, Fritz A, Xu W (2019) An immersive visual analytics platform for multidimensional dataset. In: Proceedings-18th IEEE/ACIS international conference on computer and information science, ICIS 2019, 24–29
Surer E, Erkayaoğlu M, Öztürk ZN, Yücel F, Bıyık EA, Altan B, Düzgün HŞ (2021) Developing a scenario-based video game generation framework for computer and virtual reality environments: A comparative usability study. J Multimodal User Interfaces 15(4):393–411
Terzopoulos D, Platt J, Barr A, Fleischer K (1987) Elastically deformable models. In: proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp 205–214
Thanyadit S, Punpongsanon P, Piumsomboon T, Pong T C (2020) Substituting teleportation visualization for collaborative virtual environments. In: Proceedings-SUI 2020: ACM symposium on spatial user interaction, ACM
Tinati R, Luczak-Roesch M, Simperl E, Hall W (2016) Because science is awesome: studying participation in a citizen science game. In: proceedings of the 8th ACM conference on Web Science, 45–54
Tinati R, Luczak-Roesch M, Simperl E, Hall W (2017) An investigation of player motivations in eyewire, a gamified citizen science project. Comput Hum Behav 73:527–540
Tommasini R, Sakr S, Balduini M, Valle ED (2019) An outlook to declarative languages for big steam-ring data. In: proceedings of the 13th ACM international conference on distributed and event-based systems, 199–202
Tsuji T, Ogata K (2015) Rehabilitation systems based on visualization techniques: a review. J Robot Mechatron 27(2):122–125
Usher W, Klacansky P, Federer F, Bremer PT, Knoll A, Yarch J, Angelucci A, Pascucci V (2017) A virtual reality visualization tool for neuron tracing. IEEE Trans vis Comput Gr 24(1):994–1003
Vahdatikhaki F, Langroodi AK, Makarov D, Miller S (2019) Context-realistic virtual reality-based training simulators for asphalt operations. In: ISARC Proceedings of the International Symposium on Automation and Robotics in Construction, IAARC Publications, vol 36, 218–225
Vincur J, Navrat P, Polasek I (2017) VR city: software analysis in virtual reality environment. In: 2017 IEEE international conference on software quality, reliability and security companion
Voinea A, Moldoveanu A, Moldoveanu F (2015) 3D visualization in IT systems used for post stroke recovery: rehabilitation based on virtual reality. In: 2015 20th international conference on control systems and computer Science pp 856–862, IEEE
Wallner G, Kriglstein S (2013) Visualization-based analysis of gameplay data: a review of literature. Entertain Comput 4(3):143–155
Wang M, Ma Y (2018) A review of virtual cutting methods and technology in deformable objects. Int J Med Robot Comput Assist Surg 14(5):e1923
Wang P, Wu P, Wang J, Chi HL, Wang X (2018) A critical review of the use of virtual reality in construction engineering education and training. Int J Environ Res Public Health 15(6):1204
Wanick V, Castle J, Wittig A (2019) Applying games design thinking for scientific data visualization in virtual reality environments
Ware C, Arthur K, Booth KS (1993) Fish tank virtual reality. In: proceedings of the INTERACT'93 and CHI'93 conference on human factors in computing systems, 37–42
Wilkinson L (2012) The grammar of graphics. In: handbook of computational statistics, pp 375–414, Springer
Wongsuphasawat K, Gotz D (2011) Outflow: visualizing patient flow by symptoms and outcome. In: IEEE VisWeek workshop on visual analytics in healthcare, pp 25–28. Providence, Rhode Island, USA: American Medical Informatics Association
Wu H, Shi D, Chen N, Shi Y, Jin Z, Cao N (2020) VisAct: a visualization design system based on semantic actions. J vis 23(2):339–352
Xia H, Herscher S, Perlin K, Wigdor D (2018a) Spacetime: enabling fluid individual and collaborative editing in virtual reality. In: proceedings of the 31st annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology (UIST 2018a), pp 853–866
Xia H, Herscher S, Perlin K, Wigdor D (2018b) Spacetime: enabling fluid individual and collaborative editing in virtual reality
Xu J, Lin Y, Schmidt D (2017) Exploring the influence of simulated road environments on cyclist behavior. Int J Virtual Real 17(3):15–26
Yan F, Hu Y, Jia J, Ai Z, Tang K, Shi Z, Liu X (2020) Interactive WebVR visualization for online fire evacuation training. Multimed Tools Appl 79(41–42):31541–31565
Yang B, Shi W, Li Q (2005) A dynamic method for generating multi-resolution tin models. Photogramm Eng Remote Sens 71(8):917–926
Yates M, Kelemen A, Sik Lanyi C (2016) Virtual reality gaming in the rehabilitation of the upper extremities post-stroke. Brain Inj 30(7):855–863
Yin H, Varava A, Kragic D (2021) Modeling, learning, perception, and control methods for deformable object manipulation. Sci Robot, 6(54): eabd8803
Yoo S, Xue L, Kay J (2017) Happyfit: time-aware visualization for daily physical activity and virtual reality games. UMAP 2017 adjunct publication of the 25th conference on user modeling, adaptation and personalization, 391–394
Yu P, Pan J, Qin H, Hao A, Wang H (2020) Real-time suturing simulation for virtual reality medical training. Comput Anim Virtual W 31(4–5):e1940
Zebari R, Abdulazeez A, Zeebaree D, Zebari D, Saeed J (2020) A comprehensive review of dimensionality reduction techniques for feature selection and feature extraction. J Appl Sci Technol Trends 1(2):56–70
Zhang X, Liu S (2017) Sph haptic interaction with multiple-fluid simulation. Virtual Real 21(4):165–175
Zhang Y, Liu H, Kang SC, Al-Hussein M (2020) Virtual reality applications for the built environment: research trends and opportunities. Autom Constr 118:103311
Zimmermann P (2008) Virtual reality aided design. A survey of the use of vr in automotive industry. In: Product Engineering pp 277–296, Springer
Zyda M (2005) From visual simulation to virtual reality to games. Comput 38(9):25–33
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Korkut, E.H., Surer, E. Visualization in virtual reality: a systematic review. Virtual Reality 27, 1447–1480 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00753-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10055-023-00753-8