Abstract
Accurate initial soil conditions play a crucial role in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes in land surface process modeling. This study emphasized the influence of the initial soil temperature (ST) and soil moisture (SM) conditions on a land surface energy and water simulation in the permafrost region in the Tibetan Plateau (TP) using the Community Land Model version 5.0 (CLM5.0). The results indicate that the default initial schemes for ST and SM in CLM5.0 were simplistic, and inaccurately represented the soil characteristics of permafrost in the TP which led to underestimating ST during the freezing period while overestimating ST and underestimating SLW during the thawing period at the XDT site. Applying the long-term spin-up method to obtain initial soil conditions has only led to limited improvement in simulating soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes. The modified initial soil schemes proposed in this study comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost, which coexists with soil liquid water (SLW), and soil ice (SI) when the ST is below freezing temperature, effectively enhancing the accuracy of the simulated soil hydrothermal and surface energy fluxes. Consequently, the modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method. Three modified initial soil schemes experiments resulted in a 64%, 88%, and 77% reduction in the average mean bias error (MBE) of ST, and a 13%, 21%, and 19% reduction in the average root-mean-square error (RMSE) of SLW compared to the default simulation results. Also, the average MBE of net radiation was reduced by 7%, 22%, and 21%.
摘要
在陆面过程模拟中, 准确的初始土壤条件对土壤水热和地表能通量的模拟起着至关重要的作用. 本文首先利用通用陆面过程模式CLM5.0, 研究了初始土壤温度和土壤湿度条件对青藏高原多年冻土区地表能量和水分模拟的影响, 结果表明, CLM5.0中默认的土壤温度和土壤湿度初始方案过于简化, 不能准确反映青藏高原多年冻土的土壤温度及土壤湿度特征, 导致西大滩站点冻结期土壤温度被低估, 而融化期土壤温度被高估、 土壤液态水含量被低估. 采用长期spin-up方法获取的土壤初始条件, 对土壤水热和地表能通量的模拟有一定的改善, 但改善效果有限. 本文提出的初始土壤方案综合考虑了多年冻土中土壤温度低于冰点时土壤液态水与土壤冰共存的特点, 有效提高了CLM5.0模式模拟青藏高原多年冻土区土壤水热和地表能通量的精度. 结果表明, 改进初始土壤温度及土壤湿度方案的模拟效果大大优于长期spin-up方法的模拟效果. 与默认模拟结果相比, 三种改进初始土壤方案实验结果表明, 土壤温度的平均偏差分别降低了64%、 88%和77%, 土壤液态水的均方根误差分别降低了13%、 21%和19%, 净辐射的平均偏差分别降低了7%、 22%和21%.
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Data Availability Statement. The dataset is provided by the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center. (http://www.ncdc.ac.cn) and Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The input atmospheric forcing data at the Xidatan site can be assessed at https://doi.org/10.12072/ncdc.CCI.db0017.2020. (http://www.ncdc.ac.cn/portal/metadata/b274594b-e6c1-444a-8399-5767b4cef62d). Soil temperature and soil liquid water at the Xidatan site can be assessed at https://doi.org/10.12072/ncdc.CCI.db0014.2020. (http://www.ncdc.ac.cn/portal/meta-data/fbd8e9c7-0ae7-4bd7-b295-7de62208be5f).
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. U20A2081), West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. xbzg-zdsys-202102), and the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) Project (Grant No. 2019QZKK0105). We also thank the National Cryosphere Desert Data Center and Cryosphere Research Station on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing data.
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Article Highlights
• The default initial soil schemes inaccurately represent the soil temperature and soil moisture of permafrost in the Tibetan Plateau.
• The modified initial soil schemes comprehensively incorporate the characteristics of permafrost.
• The modified initial soil schemes greatly improved upon the results achieved through the long-term spin-up method.
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Luo, S., Chen, Z., Wang, J. et al. Impact of Initial Soil Conditions on Soil Hydrothermal and Surface Energy Fluxes in the Permafrost Region of the Tibetan Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 41, 717–736 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-3100-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-023-3100-z