Abstract
Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges. Latent heat flux and thermal roughness length were found to be greater in the warm season (June–August) than in the cold season (December–February), with a frozen depth of 20–40 cm over the alpine wetland. The transfers of heat fluxes were mainly controlled by longwave radiation and air temperature and affected by root distribution. Air pressure and stomatal conductance were also important to latent heat flux, and soil solid water content was important to sensible heat flux. Soil temperature was dominated by longwave radiation and air temperature, with crucial surface parameters of initial soil liquid water content and total water content. The atmospheric control factors transitioned to precipitation and air temperature for soil moisture, especially at the shallow layer (5 cm). Meanwhile, the more influential surface parameters were root distribution and stomatal conductance in the warm season and initial soil liquid water content and total water content in the cold season. This work contributes to the research on the land surface processes over the alpine wetland and is helpful to wetland protection.
摘要
高寒湿地是青藏高原典型的下垫面之一,在径流调节中起着至关重要的作用。本研究探讨了高寒湿地水文气象要素变化特征,并且利用通用陆面模式(CLM5)筛选出了控制高寒湿地水热交换过程的主要因子。研究发现:高寒湿地暖季(6-8月)的潜热通量和热力学粗糙度均大于冷季(12-2月),其中冷季的土壤冻结深度可达20-40cm深度。土壤热通量主要受长波辐射和气温控制,也受根系分布的影响;气压和气孔导度对潜热通量的影响较大,而感热通量的主要控制因素为土壤固态水含量;土壤温度受长波辐射和气温影响,并对初始土壤液态含水量和总含水量等关键参数较为敏感;影响土壤湿度(特别是浅层土壤)的直接参量则为降水和温度。此外,根系分布和气孔导度是暖季的关键地表参数,而土壤初始液态含水量和总含水量在冷季影响更大。本研究有助于加深高寒湿地陆面过程的认识,并可为高寒湿地保护提供科学支撑。
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Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 42005075 and 41975130), Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province (Grant No. 21JR7RA047), Open Research Fund Program of Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province (Grant No. PAEKL-2022-K03), and the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science (Grant No. SKLCS-ZZ-2023 and SKLCS-ZZ-2022). Our cordial gratitude should be extended to anonymous reviewers and the Editors for their profesional and pertinent comments on this manuscript.
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Article Highlights
• The frozen depth of Zoige alpine wetland is between 20 cm and 40 cm.
• Longwave radiation and air temperature are dominant atmospheric factors controlling land surface processes over the alpine wetland.
• Root distribution and liquid water content have greater influence on heat fluxes and water and heat transfers within the soil, respectively.
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Chen, J., Yuan, Y., Yang, X. et al. The Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Water and Heat Exchanges over the Alpine Wetland in the East of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 40, 201–210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1443-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1443-5