Abstract
The non-hydrostatic global variable resolution model (MPAS-atmosphere) is used to conduct the simulations for the South Asian Summer monsoon season (June, July, and August) in 2015 with a refinement over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) at the convection-permitting scale (4 km). Two experiments with different topographical datasets, complex (4-km) and smooth (60-km) topography, are designed to investigate the impacts of topographical complexity on moisture transport and precipitation. Compared with the observations and reanalysis data, the simulation can successfully capture the general features of key meteorological fields over the TP despite slightly underestimating the inflow through the southern TP. The results indicate that the complex topography can decrease the inward and outward moisture transport, ultimately increasing the total net moisture transport into the TP by ∼11%. The impacts of complex topography on precipitation are negligible over the TP, but the spatial distributions of precipitation over the Himalayas are significantly modulated. With the inclusion of complex topography, the sharper southern slopes of the Himalayas shift the lifted airflow and hence precipitation northward compared to the smooth topography. In addition, more small-scale valleys are resolved by the inclusion of complex topography, which serve as channels for moisture transport across the Himalayas, further favoring a northward shift of precipitation. Overall, the difference between the two experiments with different topography datasets is mainly attributed to their differing representation of the degree of the southern slopes of the Himalayas and the extent to which the valleys are resolved.
摘要
本文基于非静力平衡全球变空间分辨率大气数值模式在对流解析尺度上模拟了青藏高原夏季的水汽输送和降水. 为研究复杂地形对于水汽输送和降水的影响, 针对夏季风期(2015年的6–8月), 研究设计了两组数值模拟试验, 均采用了全球变空间分辨率区域加密的试验设置, 并在加密区域分别使用了高分辨率(4公里)和低分辨率(60公里)的地形数据. 对比观测和再分析数据表明, 全球变空间分辨率模式通过区域加密至对流解析尺度整体上能够很好地再现青藏高原上空的大尺度环流特征与地面的气象要素分布, 但对于青藏高原南部入流和近地面气温分别存在部分低估和高估. 使用不同分辨率地形数据的试验结果表明: 高分辨率地形数据能更好地解析青藏高原地区的复杂地形, 明显减小了青藏高原各边界的水汽输送, 最终增加了水汽向高原的净输入. 同时, 分析表明复杂地形对高原内部的降水的分布影响并不显著. 两组试验的降水差异主要集中在喜马拉雅山脉区域. 复杂地形使得山脉区域低海拔处降水减少, 而较高海拔处降水增加, 降水位置整体偏北. 这主要有两方面原因, 一是因为复杂地形数据中山坡会更陡峭, 气流抬升导致降水的位置更偏北; 二是复杂地形数据解析了更多的小尺度峡谷, 有利于水汽输送至更北处再产生降水.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China NSFC (Grant Nos. 91837310, 42061134009, 41775146), the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative (YD2080002007), and the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDB41000000). The study used the computing resources from the High-Performance Computing Center of the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) and the TH-2 of the National Supercomputer Center in Guangzhou (NSCC-GZ).
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Author contributions. Gudongze LI, Haoming CHEN, Mingyue XU, and Chun ZHAO designed the experiments and conducted and analyzed the simulations. All authors contributed to the discussion and final version of the paper.
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Data statement. The release version of MPAS-Atmosphere can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4892293. The meshes used in this study can be downloaded from http://aemol.ustc.edu.cn/product/list/ or by contacting chunzhao@ustc.edu.cn.
Article Highlights
• Global variable-resolution simulation at convection-permitting scale can reproduce key meteorological fields over the TP in summer.
• Topographical complexity reduces the inward/outward wind flow of the TP thereby increasing the net moisture transport into the TP by ∼11%.
• Differences in precipitation due to topography result from the different extents of the resolved southern slopes and valleys of the Himalayas.
This paper is a contribution to the special issue on Third Pole Atmospheric Physics, Chemistry, and Hydrology.
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Li, G., Chen, H., Xu, M. et al. Impacts of Topographic Complexity on Modeling Moisture Transport and Precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer. Adv. Atmos. Sci. 39, 1151–1166 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1409-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-022-1409-7