Abstract
Deep-sea mining activities can potentially release metals, which pose a toxicological threat to deep-sea ecosystems. Nevertheless, due to the remoteness and inaccessibility of the deep-sea biosphere, there is insufficient knowledge about the impact of metal exposure on its inhabitants. In this study, deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons, a commonly used deep-sea toxicology model organism, was exposed to manganese (100, 1 000 µg/L) or iron (500, 5 000 µg/L) for 7 d, respectively. Manganese and iron were chosen for their high levels of occurrence within deep-sea deposits. Metal accumulation and a battery of biochemical biomarkers that related to antioxidative stress in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA); immune function in alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP); and energy metabolism in pyruvate kinase (PK) and hexokinase (HK) were assessed in mussel gills. Results showed that deep-sea mussel G. platifrons exhibited high capacity to accumulate Mn/Fe. In addition, most tested biochemical parameters were altered by metal exposure, demonstrating that metals could induce oxidative stress, suppress the immune system, and affect energy metabolism of deep-sea mussels. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) approach indicated that the exposure to Mn/Fe had a negative impact on deep-sea mussels, and Mn demonstrated a more harmful impact on deep-sea mussels than Fe. Additionally, SOD and CAT biomarkers had the greatest impact on IBR values in Mn treatments, while ACP and HK were most influential for the low- and high-dose Fe groups, respectively. This study represents the first application of the IBR approach to evaluate the toxicity of metals on deep-sea fauna and serves as a crucial framework for risk assessment of deep-sea mining-associated metal exposure.
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6 Data Availability Statement
The authors declare that all data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.
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7 Acknowledgment
The authors thank Jia TENG (Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences) and Jiachen JI (Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for their technique support.
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Supported by the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center (No. 2022QNLM030004-1), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 42276153, 42030407), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB42020401), the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, CAS (No. ZDBS-LY-DQC032), and the National Key R&D program of China (No. 2022YFC2804003)
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Zhou, L., Li, M., Zhong, Z. et al. Integrated biomarker response to assess toxic impacts of iron and manganese on deep-sea mussel Gigantidas platifrons under a deep-sea mining activity scenario. J. Ocean. Limnol. 42, 522–532 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3048-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-023-3048-y