Abstract
We evaluated the effect of ration level (RL) on the growth and energy budget of lenok Brachymystax lenok. Juvenile lenok (initial mean body weight 3.06±0.13 g) were fed for 21 d at five different ration levels: starvation, 2%, 3%, 4% bwd (body weight per day, based on initial mean values), and apparent satiation. Feed consumption, apparent digestibility, and growth were directly measured. Specific growth rates in terms of wet weight, dry weight, protein, and energy increased logarithmically with an increase in ration levels. The relationship between specific growth rate in terms of wet weight (SGRw, %/d) and RL (%) was characterized by a decelerating curve: SGRw=−1.417+3.166ln(RL+1). The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy exhibited a decreasing pattern with increasing ration level, and there was a significant difference among different RLs. Body composition was significantly affected by ration size. The relationship between feed efficiency rate in terms of energy (FERe) and RL was: FERe=−14.167+23.793RL-3.367(RL)2, and the maximum FERe was observed at a 3.53% ration. The maintenance requirement for energy of juvenile lenok was 105.39 kJ BW (kg)−0.80/d, the utilization efficiency of DE for growth was 0.496. The energy budget equation at satiation was: 100IE=29.03FE+5.78(ZE+UE)+39.56 HE+25.63 RE, where IE is feed energy, FE is fecal energy, ZE+UE is excretory energy, HE is heat production, and RE is recovered energy. Our results suggest that the most suitable feeding rate for juvenile lenok aquaculture for wet weight growth is 2.89% bwd, whereas for energy growth, the suggested rate is 3.53% bwd at this growth stage.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Alekseyev S S, Kirillov A F, Samusenok V P. 2003. Distribution and morphology of the sharp-snouted and the blunt-snouted lenoks of the genus Brachymystax (Salmonidae) of East Siberia. Journal of Ichthyology, 43: 350–373.
AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis (15th edn). Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
Armstrong J D, Hawkins L A. 2008. Standard metabolic rate of pike, Esox lucius: variation among studies and implications for energy flow modeling. Hydrobiologia, 601: 83–90.
Bai Q, Mou Z, Yu H, Yin J, Jia Z. 2007. The detection of the biological characters and productivity of Brachymystax lenok. Chinese Journal of Fisheries, 20: 69–73. (in Chinese with English abstract)
BFMA (Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture of China). 2005. China Fishery Statistical Yearbook. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. p.40. (in Chinese)
BFMA (Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture of China). 2012. China Fishery Statistical Yearbook. China Agriculture Press, Beijing. p.34. (in Chinese)
Brafiel A E. 1985. Laboratory studies of energy budgets. In: Tytler P, Calow P eds. Fish Energetics: New Perspectives. Croom Helm, London. p.257–281.
Brett J R, Groves T D D. 1979. Environmental factors and growth. In: Hoar W S, Randall D J, Brett J R eds. Fish Physiology, Vol. VIII. Academic Press, New York, USA. p.599–675.
Brocksen R W, Davis G E, Warren C E. 1968. Competition, food consumption and production of sculpins and trout in laboratory stream communities. Journal of Wildlife Management, 32: 51–75.
Calow P. 1985. Adaptive aspects of energy allocation. In: Tytler P, Calow P eds. Fish Energetics: New Perspectives, Croom Helm, London. p.13–31.
Cho C Y, Slinger S J, Baylev H S. 1982. Bioenergetics of salmonid fishes: energy intake, expenditure and productivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 73: 25–41.
Christian L P. 1987. Energy budgets for juvenile rainbow trout at various oxygen concentrations. Aquaculture, 62: 289–298.
Cui Y, Chen S, Wang S. 1996. Effect of ration size on the growth and energy budget of the juvenile white sturgeon. Journal of Fish Biology, 49: 863–876.
Cui Y, Liu J. 1990. Comparison of energy budget among six species of teleosts III. Growth rate and energy budget. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 97A: 381–384.
Cui Y, Liu X, Wang S, Chen S. 1992. Growth and energy budget in young grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella Val., fed plant and animal diets. Journal of Fish Biology, 41: 231–238.
Cui Y, Wootton. 1988. Bioenergetics of growth of a cyprinid, Phoxinus phoxinus, the effect of ration, temperature and body size on food consumption, fecal production and nitrogenous excretion. Journal of Fish Biology, 33: 431–443.
Dong C, Jiang Z. 2008. Fisheries Resources of Cold Water Fish in the Interior of China. Heilongjiang Science and Technology Press, Harbin. (in Chinese)
Elliott J M. 1975. The growth rate of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) fed on maximum rations. Journal of Animal Ecology, 44: 805–821.
Elliott J M. 1976. Energy losses in the waste product of brown trout (Salmo trutta L). Journal of Animal Ecology, 45: 561–580.
Fausch K D. 2007. Introduction, establishment and effects of non-native salmonids: considering the risk of rainbow trout invasion in the United Kingdom. Journal of Fish Biology, 71: 1–32.
From J, Rasmussen G. 1984. A growth model, gastric evacuation and body composition in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, 1836. Dana, 3: 61–139.
Furukawa A, Tsukahara H. 1966. On the acid digestion method for the determination of chromic oxide as an index substance in the study of digestibility of fish feed. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries, 32: 502–506.
Han D, Xie S, Lei W, Zhu X, Yang Y. 2004. Effect of ration on the growth and energy budget of Chinese longsnout catfish, Leiocassis longirostris Günther. Aquaculture Research, 35: 866–873.
Han X, Wang S. 1990. The studies on growth and energy metabolism of fine scale fish. Chinese Journal of Fisheries, 1: 79–85. (in Chinese with English abstract).
Huisman E A. 1976. Food conversion e/ciencies at maintenance and production levels for carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. Aquaculture, 9: 259–276.
Jobling M. 1994. Fish Bioenergetics. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Kelso J R M. 1972. Conversion, maintenance and assimilation for walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum, as affected by size, diet and temperature. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 29: 1 181–1 192.
Khan M A, Abidi S F. 2010. Optimum ration level for better growth, conversion efficiencies and body composition of fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Aquaculture International, 18: 175–188.
Lee S M, Kim K D, Park H G, Kim C H, Hong K E. 2001. Protein requirement of juvenile Manchurian trout Brachymystax lenok. Fisheries Science, 67: 46–51.
Liu J. 1998. Growth and Energy Budgets in Juvenile Mandarin Fish and Chinese Snakehead: A Comparative Study. PhD Thesis. Institute of Hydrobiology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China. p.104–112. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Liu Y, Mou Z, Xu G, Li Y, Wang C. 2012. The effect of light intensity on the growth of Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773). Aquaculture Research, 43: 1 838–1 844.
Malloy K D, Targett T E. 1994. Effect of ration limitation and low temperature on growth, biochemical condition, and survival of juvenile summer flounder from two Atlantic coast nurseries. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 123: 182–193.
Mou Z, Li Y, Xu G, Liu Y, Cong Y. 2011b. Growth characters of Lenok Brachymystax lenok cultured in a flowing water pond. Chinese Journal of Fisheries, 24: 13–16. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Mou Z, Liu Y, Xu G, Li Y. 2011a. The optimum temperature for growth and feeding in Brachymystax lenok. Chinese Journal of Fisheries, 24: 6–8. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Nakano S. 1999. Diet differentiation in polymorphic Brachymystax lenok in streams of southern Primor’e. Russia Ichthyological Research, 46: 100–102.
Niimi A J, Beamish F W H. 1974. Bioenergetics and growth of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmonids) in relation to body weight and temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 52: 447–456.
NRC (National Research Council). 1981. Nutritional Energetics of Domestic Animals and a Glossary of Energy Terms, 2nd revised edn. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 63p.
Penczak T, Kusto E, Krzyianowska D, Molitiski M, Suszycka E. 1984. Food consumption and energy transformations by fish populations in two small lowland rivers in Poland. Hydrobiologia, 108: 135–144.
Sullivan K M. 1982. Energetics of the sablefish, Anoplopoma fimbria, under laboratory conditions. In: Cailliet G M, Simenstal S A eds. Gutshop ′81-Fish Food Habit Studies. Washington Sea Grant Publications, Seattle, USA. p.106–174.
Sun D, Wang B. 2010. Aquaculture of salmonids in China. Chinese Journal of Fisheries, 23: 56–63. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Sun L, Chen H, Huang L, Wang Z, Yan Y. 2006. Growth and energy budget of juvenile cobia (Rachycentron canadum) relative to ration. Aquaculture, 257: 214–220.
Tang Q, Sun Y, Zhang B. 2003. Bioenergetics models for seven species of marine fish. Journal of Fisheries of China, 27: 443–449. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Verreth J, Den Bieman H. 1987. Quantitative feed requirements of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus Buchell) larvae fed with decapsulated cysts of Artemia. I. The effect of temperature and feeding level. Aquaculture, 63: 251–267.
Winberg G G. 1956. Rate of Metabolism and Food Requirements of Fishes. Belorussian State University, Minsk. Translated from Russian in Fish. Res. Bd Can. Transl. Ser. No. 194, 1960.
Xia Y, Sheng Y, Chen Y. 2006. DNA sequence variation in the mitochondrial control region of lenok (Brachymystax lenok) populations in China. Biodiversity Science, 14: 48–54. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Xie S, Cui Y, Yang Y, Liu J. 1997. Energy budget of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, in relation to ration size. Aquaculture, 154: 57–68.
Xie S, Zheng K, Chen J, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Yang Y. 2011. Effect of water temperature on energy budget of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture Nutrition, 17: E683–E690.
Zhang L, Zhao Z, Xiong D, Fang W, Li B, Fan Q, Yang K, Wang X. 2011. Effects of ration level on growth, nitrogenous excretion and energy budget of juvenile yellow catfish, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson). Aquaculture Research, 42: 899–905.
Zhang Y, Jia Z, Ji F, Mou Z. 2008. Effects of stocking density on survival, growth and size variation of juvenile Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773). Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 24: 685–689.
Zhu X, Xie S, Cui Y. 2000. Effect of ration size on growth and energy budget of Gibel carp. Oceanologiaet Limnologia Sinica, 31: 471–479. (in Chinese with English abstract)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the Special Fund for Agro-Scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (No. 201003055), the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China (Nos. 2012BAD25B10, 2012BAD26B05), and the Central-Level Non-Profit Scientific Research Institutes Special Funds of China (No. HSY201412)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, T. et al. Growth and energy budget of juvenile lenok Brachymystax lenok in relation to ration level. Chin. J. Ocean. Limnol. 33, 347–355 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-3349-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00343-015-3349-x