Abstract
Considering the poor lubricating effect of cryogenic air (CA) and inadequate cooling ability of nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (NMQL), this work proposes a new manufacturing technique cryogenic air nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (CNMQL). A heat transfer coefficient and a finite difference model under different grinding conditions were established based on the theory of boiling heat transfer and conduction. The temperature field in the grinding zone under different cooling conditions was simulated. Results showed that CNMQL exerts the optimal cooling effect, followed by CA and NMQL. On the basis of model simulation, experimental verification of the surface grinding temperature field under cooling conditions of CA, MQL, and CNMQL was conducted with Ti–6Al–4V as the workpiece material. Simultaneously, CNMQL exhibits the smallest specific tangential and normal grinding forces (2.17 and 2.66 N/mm, respectively). Further, the lowest grinding temperature (155.9 °C) was also obtained, which verified the excellent cooling and heat transfer capabilities of CNMQL grinding. Furthermore, the experimental results were in agreement with theoretical analysis, thereby validating the accuracy of the theoretical model.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Xu X, Malkin S (2001) Comparison of methods to measure grinding temperatures. J Manuf Sci Eng 123(2):191–195
Zhang YB, Li CH, Jia DZ, Li BK, Wang YG, Yang M, Hou YL, Zhang XW (2016) Experimental study on the effect of nanoparticle concentration on the lubricating property of nanofluids for MQL grinding of Ni-based alloy. J Mater Process Technol 232:100–115
Guo SM, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Yang M, Zhang XP, Liu GT (2017) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of mixtures of castor oil with other vegetable oils in MQL grinding of nickel-based alloy. J Cleaner Prod 140:1060–1076
Wang YG, Li CH, Zhang YB, Li BK, Yang M, Zhang XP, Guo SM, Liu GT, Zhai MG (2017) Comparative evaluation of the lubricating properties of vegetable-oil-based nanofluids between frictional test and grinding experiment. J Manuf Process 26:94–104
Ding WF, Zhang LH, Li Z, Zhu YJ, Su HH, Xu JH (2017) Review on grinding-induced residual stresses in metallic materials. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 88:2939–2968
Zhang YB, Li CH, Jia DZ, Zhang DK, Zhang XW (2015) Experimental evaluation of the lubrication performance of MoS2/CNT nanofluid for minimal quantity lubrication in Ni-based alloy grinding. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 99:19–33
Xi XX, Ding WF, Li ZH, Xu JH (2017) High speed grinding of particulate reinforced titanium matrix composites using a monolayer brazed cubic boron nitride wheel. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 90:1529–1538
Li ZH, Ding WF, Liu CJ, Su HH (2017) Prediction of grinding temperature of PTMCs based on the varied coefficients of friction in conventional-speed and high-speed surface grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 90:2335–2344
WD Hewson, GK Gerow (1999) High performance metal working oil: U.S. Patent 5958849. 9–28
Sadeghi MH, Haddad MJ, Tawakoli T, Emami M (2009) Minimal quantity lubrication–MQL in grinding of Ti–6Al–4V titanium alloy. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 44(5–6):487–500
Li CH (2018) Theory and key technology of nanofluid minimum quantity grinding. Science Press, Beijing, pp 125–187
Guo SM, Li CH, Zhang YB, Yang M, Jia DZ, Zhang XP, Liu GT, Li RZ, Bing ZR, Ji HJ (2018) Analysis of volume ratio of castor/soybean oil mixture on minimum quantity lubrication grinding performance and microstructure evaluation by fractal dimension. Ind Crop Prod 111:494–505
Yang M, Li CH, Zhang YB, Wang YG, Li BK, Jia DZ, Hou YL, Li RZ (2017) Research on microscale skull grinding temperature field under different cooling conditions. Appl Therm Eng 126:525–537
Luo T, Wei X, Huang X (2014) Tribological properties of Al2O3 nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives. Ceram Int 40(5):7143–7149
Mao C, Tang X, Zou H (2012) Investigation of grinding characteristic using nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13(10):1745–1752
Mao C, Zou HF, Huang XM, Zhang, JA, Zhou ZX (2013) The influence of spraying parameters on grinding performance for nanofluids minimum quantity lubrication. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 64:1791–1799
Zhang YB, Li CH, Jia DZ, Zhang DK, Zhang XW (2015) Experimental evaluation of MoS2 nanoparticles in jet MQL grinding with different types of vegetable oil as base oil. J Clean Prod 87:930–940
Anuj KS, Rabesh KS, Amit RD, Arun KT (2016) Characterization and experimental investigation of Al2O3 nanoparticle based cutting fluid in turning of AISI 1040 steel under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). MaterToday Proc 3(6):1899–1906
Lee PH, Nam JS, Li C (2012) An experimental study on micro-grinding process with nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Int J Precis Eng Manuf 13(3):331–338
Hadad MJ, Tawakoli T, Sadeghi MH, Sadeghi B (2012) Temperature and energy partition in minimum quantity lubrication–MQL grinding process. Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf 54–55(3):10–17
Setti D, Sinha MK, Ghosh S et al (2014) An investigation into the application of Al2O3nanofluid–based minimum quantity lubrication technique for grinding of Ti–6Al–4V. Int J PrecisTechnol 4(3–4):268–279
Su Y, Gong L, Li B, Liu Z, Chen D (2015) Performance evaluation of nanofluid mql with vegetable–based oil and ester oil as base fluids in turning. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 1–7
Shane Y. Hong (2005) Investigation of liguid nitrogen lubrication effect in cryogenic machining. World Tribology Congress III 1:801–802
Manimaran G, Kumar MP, Venkatasamy R (2013) Influence of cryogenic cooling on surface grinding of stainless steel 316. Cryogenics 59:76–83
Ravi S, Kumar MP (2012) Experimental investigation of cryogenic cooling in milling of AISI D3 tool steel. Mater Manuf Process 27:1017–1021
Jawahir S, Xia T, Kaynak Y, Arvin C (2016) Cryogenic cooling-induced process performance and surface integrity in drilling CFRP composite mateial. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 82:605–616
Paul S, Chattopadhyay AB (1995) Effects of cryogenic cooling by liquid nitrogen jet on forces, temperature and surface residual stresses in grinding steels. Cryogenics 35(8):515–523
Schoop J, Effgen M, Balk TJ, Jawahir IS (2013) The effects of depth of cut and pre–cooling on surface porosity in cryogenic machining of porous tungsten. Procedia CIRP 8:357–362
Su Y, He N, Li L (2010) Cooling and lubricating performance of cryogenic minimum quantity lubrication method in high speed turning. Lubr Eng 35(9):52–55
Li XL (2004) Research on high–speed milling technology of titanium alloy based on LN2 and MQL technology. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
He AD, Ye BY, Wang ZY (2014) Experimental effect of cryogenic MQL cutting 304 stainless steel. Key Eng Mater 621:3–8
Wang YF, Huang Y, Huang Z, Yi L (2009) Belt grinding of TC4 based on the technology of cryogenic mist jet combined MQL. Key Eng Mater 416:8–12
Wang YG, Li CH, Zhang YB, Yang M, Zhang XP, Zhang NQ, Dai JJ (2017) Experimental evaluation on tribological performance of the wheel/workpiece interface in MQL grinding with different concentrations of Al2O3 nanofluids. J Clean Prod 142(4:3571–3583
Demas NG, Timofeeva EV, Routbort JL (2012) Tribological effects of BN and MoS2 nanoparticles added to polyalphaolefin oil in piston skirt/cylinder liner tests. Tribol Lett 47(1):91–102
Li BM, Zhao B (2003) Modern grinding technology. China Machine Press, Beijing
Shen B, Shih AJ, Xiao G (2011) A heat transfer model based on finite difference method for grinding. Journal of Manufacturing Science & Engineering 133(3):255–267
Zhang DK, Li CH, Zhang YB, Jia DZ, Zhang XW (2015) Experimental research on the energy ratio coefficient and specific grinding energy in nanoparticle jet MQL grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 78(5–8):1275–1288
Zhao YX (1994) Experimental and theoretical research on the mechanism of boiling heat transfer in cold flow nuclear state. Shanghai institute of mechanics, Shanghai polytechnic university
Mao C, Zou HF, Huang Y, Li Y, Zhou Z (2014) Research on heat transfer mechanism in grinding zone for MQL surface grinding. China Mech Eng 25(6):826–831
Mao C, Tang XJ, Zou HF, Zhou ZX, Yin WF (2012) Experimental investigation of surface quality for minimum quantity oil-water lubrication grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 59(1):93–100
Lin ZH (2003) Gas-liquid two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer. Xian Jiaotong University Press
Lu ZQ (2002) Two-phase flow and boiling heat transfer. Tsinghua University Press
Xin MD (1987) Boiling heat transfer and its reinforcement. Chongqing University Press
Yang SM, Tao WQ (2006) Beijing: Higher Education Press
Maruda RW, Krolczyk GM, Feldshtein E (2016) A study on droplets sizes, their distribution and heat exchange for minimum quantity cooling lubrication (MQCL). Int J Mach Tool Manu 100:81–92
Mao C, Zou H, Huang Y (2013) Analysis of heat transfer coefficient on workpiece surface during minimum quantity lubricant grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 66(1–4):363–370
Mei GH, Meng HJ, Wu RY, Ci Y, Xie Z (2004) Analysis of spray cooling heat transfer coefficient on high temperature surface. Energy Metall Ind 23(6):18–22
Deb S, Yao SC (1989) Analysis on film boiling heat transfer of impacting spray. Heat Mass Transf 32:2099–2112
Chu MQ, Yu BM (2009) Fractal analysis of boiling heat exchange. Mech Progress 03:259–272
Bang IC, Chang SH (2005) Boiling heat transfer performance and phenomena of Al2O3-water nanofluids form a plain surface in a pool. Int J Heat Mass Transf. International Journal of Heat & Mass Transfer 48:2407–2419
Acknowledgments
This research was financially supported by the following foundation items: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (51575290), Major Research Project of Shandong Province (2017GGX30135), and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China (ZR2017PEE002 and ZR2017PEE011).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
1. On the basis of theory of boiling heat transfer and conduction, a heat transfer coefficient model and a finite difference model under different grinding conditions were established, and the temperature field in the grinding zone under different cooling conditions was simulated.
2. The experimental verification of the surface grinding temperature field under cooling conditions of CA, MQL, and CNMQL was carried out.
3. Al2O3 nanoparticles was added to synthesis lipid to prepare nanofluids, and workpiece material Ti-6Al-4V was studied.
4. Numerical simulation and experimental results were discussed.
5. The cooling performance and heat transfer mechanism under different cooling conditions were analyzed.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhang, J., Li, C., Zhang, Y. et al. Temperature field model and experimental verification on cryogenic air nanofluid minimum quantity lubrication grinding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 97, 209–228 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1936-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-1936-7