Abstract
China’s militarization of the South China Sea throughout the past decade has led the core NATO members (France, Germany and the UK) and the European Union (EU) to develop Indo-Pacific security strategies, expanding Europe’s presence in the region, utiizing a combination of military deployments and strategic balancing through strategic partnerships. In 2019, the EU’s Indo-Pacific Concept described China as a ‘systemic rival’ of the EU. In 2022, NATO’s Strategic Concept (SC) noted that China presented ‘systemic challenges to the rules-based international order’. The SC further asserted that ‘China’s stated ambitions and coercive policies challenge our interests, security and values…The PRC’s malicious hybrid and cyber operations and its confrontational rhetoric and disinformation target Allies and harm Alliance security.’
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Notes
- 1.
2016 figure uses December 2016 exchange rates. 2021 figures use average annual exchange rates.
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Davison, R. (2023). Containing the Dragon: The European Pivot to the Indo-Pacific. In: Chu, CP., Park, SC. (eds) Strategies in Changing Global Orders . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7246-3_7
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