Abstract
In a variety of computer vision-based applications, one of the most crucial jobs is the recognition of vehicles from unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery. High accuracy and speed were required to do this critical assignment. Aerial image properties and the technology being utilized, such as diverse automobile sizes and their orientations, densities, small datasets, and inference speed, make this a highly difficult assignment. Numerous approaches based on hand-crafted feature design and deep learning have been put out in the literature as solutions to these issues in recent years. Techniques based on hand-crafted features and shallow learning have limited applicability to other complicated scenarios. On the other hand, Due to deep learning's robust learning capability, vehicle detection algorithms produced superior outcomes. In this article, we reviewed the hand-crafted feature design-based and data-driven vehicle detection algorithms from UAV imagery. We start by presenting various hand-crafted design-based vehicle detection algorithms like Histogram of oriented gradients (HOG), Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), and Local Binary Pattern (LBP). After that, we reviewed one-stage and two-stage vehicle detection series based on deep learning. One-stage includes state-of-art algorithms like YOLO and SSD, and the two-stage series includes object detection models like R-CNN, Fast R-CNN, Faster-RCNN, etc. We also focused on investigating the various public aerial image datasets and their related work. In the end, we have also shed some insight into the conclusion of this paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Benjdira B, Khursheed T, Koubaa A, Ammar A, Ouni K (2019) Car detection using unmanned aerial vehicles: Comparison between faster r-cnn and yolov3.In: 1st international conference on unmanned vehicle systems-Oman (UVS), pp 1–6 IEEE
Duarte D, Nex F, Kerle N, Vosselman G (2018) Satellite image classification of building damages using airborne and satellite image samples in a deep learning approach. ISPRS Ann Photogram Remote Sens Spat Inf Sci 4(2)
Ji H, GAO Z, Mei T, Li Y (2019) Improved faster R-CNN with multiscale feature fusion and homography augmentation for vehicle detection in remote sensing images. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 16(11):1761–1765
Dalal N, Triggs B (2005) Histograms of oriented gradients for human detection. IEEE computer society conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR'05), Vol 1, pp 886–893
Pietikäinen M (2005) Image analysis with local binary patterns. In: image analysis: 14th scandinavian conference, SCIA 2005, Joensuu, Finland, June 19–22, 2005. Proceedings 14, pp 115–118
Lowe DG (2004) Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints. Int J Comput Vision 60(2):91–110
Long J, Shelhamer E, Darrell (2015) Fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3431–3440
Chen X, Xiang S, Liu CL, Pan CH (2014) Vehicle detection in satellite images by hybrid deep convolutional neural networks. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 11(10):1797–1801
Cheng G, Han J, Lu X (2017) Remote sensing image scene classification: benchmark and state of the art. Proc IEEE 105(10):1865–1883
Girshick R, Donahue J, Darrell T, Malik J (2014) Rich feature hierarchies for accurate object detection and semantic segmentation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 580–587
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J (2015) Spatial pyramid pooling in deep convolutional networks for visual recognition. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 37(9):1904–1916
Girshick R (2015) Fast r-cnn. In: Proceedings of the IEEE international conference on computer vision, pp 1440–1448
Ren S, He K, Girshick R, Sun J (2015) Faster r-cnn: Towards real-time object detection with region proposal networks. Adv Neural Information Process sys
Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S, Fu CY, Berg AC (2016) Ssd: single shot multibox detector. In European conference on computer vision, pp 21–37
Redmon J, Divvala S, Girshick R, Farhadi A (2016) You only look once: unified, real-time object detection. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 779–788
https://neptune.ai/blog/object-detection-algorithms-and-libraries/
Liu K, Mattyus G (2015) Fast multiclass vehicle detection on aerial images. IEEE Geosci Remote Sens Lett 12(9):1938–1942
SIFT | How to use SIFT for image matching in python (analyticsvidhya.com) (2019)
Moranduzzo T, Melgani F (2013) Automatic car counting method for unmanned aerial vehicle images. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 52(3):1635–1647
Hassaballah M, Kenk MA, El-Henawy IM (2020) Local binary pattern-based on-road vehicle detection in urban traffic scene. Pattern Anal Appl 23(4):1505–1521
Cheng HY, Weng CC, Chen YY (2011) Vehicle detection in aerial surveillance using dynamic Bayesian networks. IEEE Trans Image Process 21(4):2152–2159
LeCun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G (2015) Deep learning. Nature 521(7553):436–444
Deng Z, Sun H, Zhou S, Zhao J, Zou H (2017) Toward fast and accurate vehicle detection in aerial images using coupled region-based convolutional neural networks. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Obs Remote Sen 10(8):3652–3664
Wang L, Liao J, Xu C (2019) Vehicle detection based on drone images with the improved faster R-CNN. In: Proceedings of the 11th international conference on machine learning and computing, pp 466–471
https://blog.paperspace.com/faster-r-cnn-explained-object-detection/
Redmon J, Farhadi A (2016) OLO9000: better, faster, stronger; CoRR. 1612.08242
Redmon J, Farhadi A (2018) Yolov3: an incremental improvement.1804.02767
Xu B, Wang B, Gu Y (2019) Vehicle detection in aerial images using modified YOLO. In: 19th international conference on communication technology (ICCT), pp 1669–1672
Bochkovskiy A, Wang CY, Liao HYM (2020) Yolov4: optimal speed and accuracy of object detection.2004.10934
Jocher G, Nishimura K, Mineeva T, Vilarino R (2020) Yolov5 by ultralytics. Disponıvel em: https://github.com/ultralytics/yolov5
Ammar A, Koubaa A, Ahmed M, Saad A, Benjdira B (2021) Vehicle detection from aerial images using deep learning. A comparative study. Electronics 10(7):820
Liu W, Anguelov D, Erhan D, Szegedy C, Reed S, Fu CY, Berg AC (2016) Ssd: single shot multibox detector. In: European conference on computer vision, pp 21–37
Mansour A, Hassan A, Hussein WM, Said E (2019) Automated vehicle detection in satellite images using deep learning. Int Conf Aerosp Sci Aviat Technol 18(18):1–8
Sommer LW, Schuchert T, Beyerer J (2017) Deep learning based multi-category object detection in aerial images. Autom Target Recogn XXVII 10202:48–55
Razakarivony S, Jurie F (2016) Vehicle detection in aerial imagery: A small target detection benchmark. J Vis Commun Image Represent 34:187–203
Kleber EJ, McKean AP, Hiscock AI, Hylland MD, Hardwick CL, McDonald GN, Erickson BA (2021) Geologic Setting, Ground Effects, and Proposed Structural Model for the 18 March 2020 Mw 5.7 Magna, Utah, Earthquake. Seismol Res Lett 92(2A):710–724
Tang T, Zhou S, Deng Z, Le L, Zou H (2017) Arbitrary-oriented vehicle detection in aerial imagery with single convolutional neural networks. Remote Sens 9(11):1170
Xia GS, Bai X, Ding J, Zhu Z, Belongie S, Luo J, Zhang L (2018) DOTA: a large-scale dataset for object detection in aerial images. In: Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition, pp 3974–3983
Mundhenk TN, Konjevod G, Sakla WA, Boakye K (2016) A large contextual dataset for classification, detection and counting of cars with deep learning. In: European conference on computer vision, pp 785–800
Lu J, Ma C, Li L, Xing X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xu J (2018) A vehicle detection method for aerial image based on YOLO. J Comput Commun 6(11):98–107
Zhu P, Wen L, Bian X, Ling H, Hu Q (2018) Vision meets drones: a challenge. arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07437
Bisio I, Haleem H, Garibotto C, Lavagetto F, Sciarrone A (2021) Performance evaluation and analysis of drone-based vehicle detection techniques from deep learning perspective. IEEE Internet Things J
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Kumar, D., Sinha, B. (2024). Vehicle Detection in Aerial Images: A Survey. In: Tavares, J.M.R.S., Rodrigues, J.J.P.C., Misra, D., Bhattacherjee, D. (eds) Data Science and Communication. ICTDsC 2023. Studies in Autonomic, Data-driven and Industrial Computing. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5435-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-5435-3_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-99-5434-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-99-5435-3
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)