Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Torque Metrology

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Metrology and Applications

  • 1198 Accesses

Abstract

Torque is one of the most important physical quantities which are used for the development of various industries. Torque is defined as the moment of force, also called the rotational force or the turning effect of force. The authors here introduce precise torque realizing method, torque standard machines, torque calibration machines, torque measuring devices, and so on. We also describe the present status of inter-laboratories comparisons of torque. Moreover, the chapter also introduces the SI traceability system of torque, including the description of each traceability component, such as torque testing machines, torque wrench testers, and hand torque tools. Finally, the authors mention the recent activities concerned with the multi-component force/torque measurement and the dynamic torque measurement techniques.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 1,399.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adolf K, Mauersberger D, Peschel D (1995) Specifications and uncertainty of measurement of the PTB’s 1 kN∙m torque standard machine. Proceedings of 14th IMEKO TC3 Conferences Warsaw. pp 178–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Arksonnarong N, Saenkhum N, Chantaraksa P, Sanponpute T (2019) Establishment of torque realisation up to 5 kN∙m with a new design of the torque standard machine. Acta IMEKO 8(3):30–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Averlant P, Duflon C (2018) Metrological characterisation of the 5 kN∙m torque standard machine of LNE. J Phys Conf Series 1065(4):042044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi M, Bakshi U (2020) Electric motors. UNICORN Publishing Group pp 3–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Bangi JO, Maranga SM, Nganga SP, Mutuli SM (2014) Torque wrench calibration and uncertainty of measurement. Proceedings of IMEKO 22nd TC3 Conference Cape Town. TC3-143

    Google Scholar 

  • Baumgarten S, Kahmann H, Röske D (2016) Metrological characterization of a 2 kN∙m torque standard machine for superposition with axial forces up to 1 MN. Metrologia 53(5):1165–1176

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Beeby S (2004) MEMS mechanical sensors. USA: Artech House. p. 160

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickford J (ed) (1998) Handbook of bolts and bolted joints. CRC press, p 600

    Google Scholar 

  • BIPM (2022) Key Comparison Database. https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/. Accessed 13 May 2022

  • BIPM. SI Brochure (2019) The International System of Units (SI), 9th ed. https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure. p. 147. Accessed 13 May 2022

  • Brüge A (2014) Operating conditions for transfer click-torque wrenches. Proceedings of IMEKO 22nd TC3 Conference Cape Town. TC3-111

    Google Scholar 

  • Brüge A (2015) Refined uncertainty budget for reference torque calibration facilities. Proceedings of 21st IMEKO world congress Prague. TC3. pp 159–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruns T (2003) Sinusoidal torque calibration: a design for traceability in dynamic torque calibration. Proceedings of 17th IMEKO world congress. Dubrovnik. TC3. pp 282–285

    Google Scholar 

  • Carbonell JAR, Verdecia JLR, Robledo AL (2006) Torque standard machines at CEM. Proceedings of 18th IMEKO world congress. Rio de Janeiro. TC3. No. 24

    Google Scholar 

  • DIN 51309 (2005) Materials testing machines – calibration of static torque measuring devices. Deutsches Institut für Normung E.V

    Google Scholar 

  • Du WY (2014) Resistive, capacitive, inductive, and magnetic sensor technologies. CRC Press, London, p 263

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • EURAMET cg-14, v. 2.0 (2011) Guidelines on the calibration of static torque measuring devices. European Association of National Metrology Institutes

    Google Scholar 

  • Gassmann H, Allgeier T, Kolwinski U (2000) A new design of primary torque standard machines. Proceedings of 16th IMEKO world congress. Wien. TC3. pp 63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamaji M, Nishino A, Ogushi K (2022) Development of a novel dynamic torque generation machine based on the principle of Kibble balance. Meas Sci Tech 33:115901

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannah RL, Reed SE (1992) Strain gage users’ handbook. Springer, p 154

    Google Scholar 

  • ISO 6789-1 (2017) Assembly tools for screws and nuts - hand torque tools – part 1: requirements and methods for design conformance testing and quality conformance testing: minimum requirements for declaration of conformance. International Standard Organization

    Google Scholar 

  • JMIF015 (2004). Guideline for the calibration laboratory of torque measuring device (in Japanese). Japan Measurement Instruments Federation

    Google Scholar 

  • Joo JW, Na KS, Kang DI (2002) Design and evaluation of a six-component load cell. Measurement 32(2):125–133

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Judge W (2012) Modern electrical equipment for automobiles, motor manuals: volume 6. Springer, p 32

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenzler D, Oblasser J, Subaric-Leitis A, Ullner C (2002) Uncertainty in torque calibration using vertical torque Axis arrangement and symmetrical two force measurement. VDI BERICHTE. 1685. pp. 337–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Khaled KM, Osman SM (2017) Improving the new ISO 6789:2017 for setting torque tools – proposal. Measurement 112:150–156

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kibble B, Robinson I, Belliss J (1990) A realization of the SI watt by the NPL moving-coil balance. Metrologia 27:173–192

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim MH (2021) Design of a new dual-mode torque standard machine using the principle of the Kibble balance. IEEE Trans Instr Meas 70:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiuchi M, Nishino A, Ogushi K (2020) Calibration procedures for torque measuring devices by using a reference type torque calibration machine at NMIJ. Acta IMEKO 9(5):179–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klaus L, Arendacká B, Kobusch M, Bruns T (2015) Dynamic torque calibration by means of model parameter identification. Acta IMEKO 4(2):39–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacalle NL, Mentxaka AL (eds) (2008) Machine tools for high performance machining. Springer, p 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu D et al. (2016) A study on dynamic torque cancellation in a range extender unit. SAE technical paper. 2016-01-1231

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer H et al (2015) Cyclic torsion very high cycle fatigue of VDSiCr spring steel at different load ratios. Int J Fatigue 70:322–327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merlo S, Röske D (2000) A six-component standard: a feasibility study. Proceedings of 16th IMEKO world congress. Wien. TC3

    Google Scholar 

  • Nishino A, Fujii K (2019) Calibration of a torque measuring device using an electromagnetic force torque standard machine. Measurement 147:106821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino A, Ogushi K, Ueda K (2010) Evaluation of moment arm length and fulcrum sensitivity limit in a 10 N∙m dead weight torque standard machine. Measurement 43(10):1318–1326

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino A, Ogushi K, Ueda K (2014) Uncertainty evaluation of a 10 N∙m dead weight torque standard machine and comparison with a 1 kN∙m dead weight torque standard machine. Measurement 49(1):77–90

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Nishino A, Ueda K, Fujii K (2016) Design of a new torque standard machine based on a torque generation method using electromagnetic force. Meas Sci Tech 28(2):025005

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2016) A difference between calibration results of a torque transducer with the pure-torque-loading and with the torque-wrench-loading. Proceedings of 2016 annual conference of the society of instrument and control engineers of Japan (SICE). Tsukuba pp 778–781

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2017) Influence of changing way of the rotational mounting position on calibration results of reference torque wrenches. Proceedings of 23th IMEKO TC3 Conf. Helsinki. No. 831, (2017)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2018) Influence of rotational mounting conditions on calibration results and those uncertainties in reference torque wrenches. J Phys Conf Series 1065(4):042042

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2019) The evaluation of testing results for setting torque screwdrivers by using a torque screwdriver tester (in Japanese). Proceedings of 36th sensing Forum. pp 174–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2020a) Influence of counterweight-loading on calibration result of reference torque wrench using deadweight type torque calibration equipment. Proceedings of 2020 annual conference of the society of instrument and control engineers of Japan (SICE). Kochi pp 1196–1200

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2020b) The testing evaluation of several digital torque wrenches by using a torque wrench tester. Acta IMEKO 9(5):189–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K (2021) The testing evaluation of digital torque screwdrivers by using a torque screwdriver tester. Measur Sensors 18:100331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K, Nishino A, Maeda K, Ueda K (2012) Advantages of the calibration chain for hand torque screwdrivers traceable to the national torque standard. Proceedings of 2012 annual conference of the society of instrument and control engineers of Japan (SICE). Akita pp 1471–1476

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogushi K, Nishino A, Maeda K, Ueda K (2015) Direct calibration chain for hand torque screwdrivers from the National Torque Standard. Acta IMEKO. 4(2):32–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohgushi K, Ota T, Ueda K, Furuta E (2002a) Design and development of 20 kN∙m deadweight torque standard machine. VDI BERICHTE. 1685. pp 327–332

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohgushi K, Tojo T, Furuta E (2002b) Development of the 1 kN∙m torque standard machine. AIST Bull Metrol 1(1):141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohgushi K, Ota T, Ueda K, Peschel D, Bruns T (2003) Load dependency of the moment-arm length in the torque standard machine. Proceedings of 17th IMEKO world congress. Dubrovnik. TC3. pp 383–388

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohgushi K, Ota T, Ueda K (2007) Uncertainty evaluation of the 20 kN∙m deadweight torque standard machine. Measurement 40(7–8):797–802

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira RS et al (2019) A method for the evaluation of the response of torque transducers to dynamic load profiles. Acta IMEKO. 8(1):13–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park YK et al. (2007) Establishment of torque standards in KRISS of Korea. Proceedings of 20th IMEKO TC3 Conference Merida. I D-102

    Google Scholar 

  • Park YK, Kumme R, Röske D, Kang DI (2008) Column-type multi-component force transducers and their evaluation for dynamic measurement. Meas Sci Tech 19(11):115205

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Peschel, D. (1996) Proposal for the Design of Torque Calibration Machines using the principle of a component system. Proceedings of 15th IMEKO TC3 Conference Madrid. pp. 251–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Peschel, D. (1997). The state of the art and future development of metrology in the field of torque measurement in Germany. Proceedings of 14th IMEKO world congress. Tampere. TC3. pp 65–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Peschel D, Mauersberger D, Schwind D, Kolwinski U (2005) The new 1.1 MN∙m torque standard machine of the PTB Braunschweig/Germany. Proceedings 19th IMEKO TC3 Conference. Cairo pp 19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Röske D (1997) Some problems concerning the lever arm length in torque metrology. Measurement 20(1):23–32

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Röske D (2003) Metrological characterization of a hexapod for a multi-component calibration device. Proceedings of 17th IMEKO world congress. Dubrovnik. TC3. pp 347–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Röske D (2009) Final report on the torque key comparison CCM.T-K1, Measurand torque: 0 N∙m, 500 N∙m, 1000 N∙m. Metrologia 46(1A):07002

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Röske D (2014a) Metrological characterization of a 1 N∙m torque standard machine at PTB, Germany. Metrologia 51(1):87–96

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Röske D (2014b) ISO 6789 under revision - proposals for calibration results of hand torque tools including measurement uncertainty. Acta IMEKO 3(2):23–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Röske D, Ogushi K (2016) Final report on the torque key comparison CCM.T-K2, measurand torque: 0 kN∙m, 10 kN∙m, 20 kN∙m. Metrologia 53(1A):07008

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Rupitsch SJ (2018) Piezoelectric sensors and actuators: fundamentals and applications. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 412–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Saenkhum N, Sanponpute T (2017) The optimization of continuous torque calibration procedure. Measurement 107:172–178

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  • Siciliano B, Villani L (1999) Robot force control. Springer Science & Business Media, p 6

    Book  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Smith AL, Mee DJ, Daniel WJT, Shimoda T (2001) Design, modelling and analysis of a six component force balance for hypervelocity wind tunnel testing. Comput Struct 79(11):1077–1088

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sydenham PH (1985) Transducers in measurement and control. Taylor & Francis, p 78

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The author appreciates Ms. Misaki HAMAJI, a researcher in NMIJ, for her contribution to the drawing figures; Mr. Michio NOTE, technical staff in NMIJ; and Mr. Hiroshi MAEJIMA, senior staff in NMIJ, for their assistance in data acquiring, photographing, and processing.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Metrology Institute of Japan, AIST, Tsukuba, Japan

    Koji Ogushi & Atsuhiro Nishino

Authors
  1. Koji Ogushi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Atsuhiro Nishino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Koji Ogushi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Dinesh K. Aswal

  2. Physico-Mechanical Metrology, CSIR - National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Sanjay Yadav

  3. National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial, Ibaraki, Japan

    Toshiyuki Takatsuji

  4. National Institute of Standards and Tech, Gaithersburg, MD, USA

    Prem Rachakonda

  5. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Delhi, India

    Harish Kumar

Section Editor information

  1. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory (CSIR-NPL), New Delhi, India

    Sanjay Yadav

  2. Physico-mechanical Metrology, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

    S. K Jaiswal PhD

  3. Electronics & Communication Division, Defence Geo Informatics Research Establishment, Research & Development Centre, Manali, India

    Neeraj Sharma

  4. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

    Ashok Kumar PhD

  5. CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

    D. K Aswal PhD

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Ogushi, K., Nishino, A. (2023). Torque Metrology. In: Aswal, D.K., Yadav, S., Takatsuji, T., Rachakonda, P., Kumar, H. (eds) Handbook of Metrology and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2074-7_42

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation