Abstract
While there appears to be a movement decidedly towards the universal abolition of capital punishment, ASEAN seems to be bucking the trend with only two of its Member-States currently abolitionists de jure. This paper examines anew the Cambodian and Philippine experiences of abolition, both the historical contexts as well as the domestic and international factors influencing them. In addition, this chapter discusses the challenges still faced by the two countries given that even while classified as abolitionist, the situations in both Cambodia and the Philippines are not unreservedly ideal—Cambodia has not ratified the Second Optional Protocol and the Philippine government’s recent authoritarian turn has seen an intensified campaign to reimpose capital punishment through legislation. The chapter concludes by conceding that while neither can be considered model abolitionist States and despite the persistence of imperfect situations, lessons can still be learned from their experiences such as the superiority of constitutional proscriptions. Hopefully, the notion that capital punishment is deeply entrenched, intractable, and necessary in the legal systems of ASEAN Member-States can soon be dispelled as fallacy.
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Notes
- 1.
Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam (ECPM, 2020).
- 2.
Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam (ECPM 2020).
- 3.
ADPAN, in collaboration with the Advocates for Human Rights (TAHR), Capital Punishment Justice Project (CPJP), Ensemble Contre La Peine De Mort (ECPM), Harm Reduction International (HRI), World Coalition against the Death Penalty (WCADP), Eleos Justice, Monash University, and Malaysian against Death Penalty & Torture (MADPET) (Anti-Death Penalty Asia Network et al., 2021, p. 2).
- 4.
In June 2022, the Malaysian government announced a shift in policy in that it will abolish capital punishment in the country by substituting mandatory death penalty in relation to a substantial number of crimes with alternative non-lethal sentences (UNOHCHR, 2022). This is a positive development that hopefully will lead to the Malaysian Parliament passing legislation institutionalising the same.
- 5.
“SECTION 1. The imposition of the penalty of death is hereby prohibited. Accordingly, Republic Act No. Eight Thousand One Hundred Seventy-Seven (R.A. No. 8177), otherwise known as the Act Designating Death by Lethal Injection is hereby repealed, Republic Act No. Seven Thousand Six Hundred Fifty-Nine (R.A. No. 7659), otherwise known as the Death Penalty Law, and all other laws, executive orders and decrees, insofar as they impose the death penalty are hereby repealed or amended accordingly” (Philippine Republic Act No. 9346, Sect. 1).
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Chan-Gonzaga, M.N.T.V. (2023). De Jure Abolition of the Death Penalty: Cambodia and the Philippines. In: Petcharamesree, S., Capaldi, M.P., Collins, A. (eds) Unpacking the Death Penalty in ASEAN. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8840-0_7
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