Abstract
Relocation is an important measure in China to lift poverty-stricken people in inhospitable areas out of poverty. “Since 2012, the state has allocated 40.4 billion yuan from the central government to leverage a total investment of141.2 billion yuan of all kinds, resettling 5.91 million impoverished people. The central and provincial coffers as well as local governments at various levels have provided thirty-eight billion yuan for poverty reduction, resettled 5.8 million poor people.
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Notes
- 1.
The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. China’s Progress in Poverty Reduction and Human Rights, 2016.
- 2.
Shu (2015).
- 3.
In our survey, we found that early migrants had a vivid memory of the hardships in the early days of relocation. According to them, the relocation areas were so windy and dusty that there were grains of sand in their meals. Many migrants moved back to their hometowns. Thanks to land cultivation, afforestation and other projects to improve the conditions in villages, the ecology of the relocation areas is now much better.
- 4.
Statistics Bureau of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Report on Economic and Social Development of Ningxia during the 12th Five-year Plan period (15), April 2016.
- 5.
The survey was conducted by the Institute of Sociology of CASS and North Minzu University in 2016.
- 6.
Wu Zhandong, Report on Implementation of the Ecological Migration Plan in Central and Southern Ningxia in the 12th Five-year Plan Period, December 2011.
- 7.
The farmland is leased to enterprises for farming for two reasons. First, the newly cultivated land is hard to farm for individual households because of poor land quality and inadequate facilities. Second, extensive land and operation by enterprises are essential for industrialization of agriculture. As a matter of fact, the migrants cannot make ends meet with the small area of farmland granted to them.
- 8.
Du et al. (2012).
- 9.
Li (2015).
- 10.
Li (2015).
- 11.
According to some migrants covered in the survey, their daily wages, which used to be 120–150 yuan, had dropped to 80–100 yuan. Previously, they could find odd jobs in 20-plus days every month. Now they could only find jobs in 15 days a month at the best.
- 12.
Li and Wang (2013).
- 13.
According to Su Zhijun, a respondent in Minning town, the cattle in Yuanlong village are managed by a company. Villagers buy shares of the company at the price of 2000 yuan per head of cattle and receive an annual dividend of 2000 yuan. Poverty-stricken households are funded by government’s poverty alleviation funds in purchasing the company’s shares. The villagers have also bought shares of a photovoltaic company with a subsidized loan of 100,000 yuan and receive an annual dividend of 15,000 yuan from the company. 5000 yuan of the dividend are used to repay the loan, and the remaining 10,000 yuan are paid to villagers.
- 14.
In our survey, we found that most of the villagers refused to give up their farmland for ditching, although they agreed that digging ditches was the best way to deal with salinization. Drain pipes are thus buried in the farmland to reduce salinity, but the effect has not been so good.
- 15.
Government policies prohibit the migrants from unlicensed transfer of farmland and housing, and severe punishments will be inflicted in case of violation. Local governments must withdraw any housing for ecological migrants and labor migrants and impose a fine if the housing is not occupied by these migrants or rented to others.
- 16.
North Minzu University, “A study of the low resettlement rate in Ningxia’s relocation communities of ecological migrants,” (2016).
- 17.
Wang (2011).
- 18.
A respondent in Mingning said: “Yuanlong is a newly established settlement. We are not familiar with the villagers, and have to conduct door-to-door interviews time and again. An old man who has several grandchildren was initially registered as impoverished. While visiting him, we paid attention to his residence and clothing, and asked if he had any income. He said no, but we later checked his social security record and found he was a retired teacher receiving over 5000 yuan in pension each month. We must go to specific households concerned to verify, sometimes more than once, and ask neighbors for information. A problem is that the villagers are not familiar with each other. We have to check time and again.”.
References
Du, H., et al. (2012). Study on the sustainable development of ecological migrants in Ningxia. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 40.
Li, D. (2015). Problems in resettlement of ecological migrants in central and southern Ningxia and Solutions. Journal of the Yinchuan Municipal Party College of C.P.C, 1.
Li, P., & Wang, X. (2013). Migration, poverty alleviation and ecological progress: survey report on ecological migration in Ningxia. Social Sciences in Ningxia, 3.
Shu, X. (2015). Review and prospect of ecological immigration development course in Ningxia. Journal of Ningxia Communist Party Institute, 2.
Wang, X. (2011). From swinging to mobility: adaption in the migration. Journal of Jiangsu Administration Institute, 6.
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Wang, X. (2022). Introduction Relocation and Targeted Poverty Alleviation: A Re-examination of Ecological Migration in Ningxia. In: Wang, X. (eds) Ecological Migration and Targeted Poverty Alleviation in Ningxia. International Research on Poverty Reduction. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-7888-3_1
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