Abstract
The decision-making process for autonomous vehicles comes with numerous challenges that are not easily solved. With the ever-changing traffic situation of the world and the increasing need for autonomous driving technology, there are constant innovations to deal with the increasing number of problems in the complex environments that autonomous driving agents find themselves in. Developing countries like India face even more numerous challenges with existing autonomous driving solutions not being directly transferable. However, with the maturation and advancement of deep learning technology over the years, more and more novel methods in the field of deep reinforcement learning are being proposed to tackle both new challenges and existing challenges. In this study, we explore the contemporary reinforcement learning techniques for autonomous driving tasks and analyze their applicability for the unstructured road environment and also look at some of the less-common scenarios that occur frequently in the Indian context.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Kiran BR, Sobh I, Talpaert V, Mannion P, Sallab AAA, Yogamani S, Pérez P (2021) Deep reinforcement learning for autonomous driving: a survey. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 1–18
Sutton RS, Barto AG (2018) Reinforcement learning: an introduction. A Bradford Book, Cambridge, MA, USA
Clifton J, Laber E (2020) Q-learning: theory and applications. Ann Rev Stat Appl 7:279–301
Paden B, Cáp M, Yong SZ, Yershov DS, Frazzoli E (2016) A survey of motion planning and control techniques for self-driving urban vehicles. CoRR abs/1604.07446. http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.07446
Dijkstra EW (1959) A note on two problems in connexion with graphs. Numer Math 1(1):269–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01386390
Nilsson NJ (1969) A mobile automaton: an application of artificial intelligence techniques. In: IJCAI
Ye F, Zhang S, Wang P, Chan CY (2021) A survey of deep reinforcement learning algorithms for motion planning and control of autonomous vehicles. arXiv preprint arXiv:2105.14218
Sallab AE, Abdou M, Perot E, Yogamani S (2017) Deep reinforcement learning framework for autonomous driving. Electronic Imaging 2017(19):70–76
Okuyama T, Gonsalves T, Upadhay J (2018) Autonomous driving system based on deep q learnig. In: 2018 International Conference on Intelligent Autonomous Systems (ICoIAS), pp 201–205
Isele D, Nakhaei A, Fujimura K (2019) Safe reinforcement learning on autonomous vehicles. CoRR abs/1910.00399. http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00399
Mnih V, Badia AP, Mirza M, Graves A, Lillicrap T, Harley T, Silver D, Kavukcuoglu K (2016) Asynchronous methods for deep reinforcement learning. In: Balcan MF, Weinberger KQ (eds) Proceedings of The 33rd international conference on machine learning. Proceedings of machine learning research, vol 48, pp 1928–1937. PMLR, New York, USA, 20–22 Jun 2016. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v48/mniha16.html
Espié E, Guionneau C, Wymann B, Dimitrakakis C, Coulom R, Sumner A (2005) Torcs, the open racing car simulator
Chen J, Yuan B, Tomizuka M (2019) Model-free deep reinforcement learning for urban autonomous driving. In: 2019 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), pp 2765–2771
Dosovitskiy A, Ros G, Codevilla F, Lopez A, Koltun V (2017) CARLA: An open urban driving simulator. In: Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on robot learning, pp 1–16
Vlachogiannis DM, Vlahogianni EI, Golias J (2020) A reinforcement learning model for personalized driving policies identification. Int J Transp Sci Technol 9(4):299–308. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2046043020300198
Min K, Kim H, Huh K (2019) Deep distributional reinforcement learning based high-level driving policy determination. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 4(3):416–424
Zhu M, Wang Y, Pu Z, Hu J, Wang X, Ke R (2020) Safe, efficient, and comfortable velocity control based on reinforcement learning for autonomous driving. Transp Res Part C: Emerging Technol 117:102662. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0968090X20305775
Nishi T, Doshi P, Prokhorov D (2019) Merging in congested freeway traffic using multipolicy decision making and passive actor-critic learning. IEEE Trans Intell Veh 4(2):287–297
Li C, Czarnecki K (2018) Urban driving with multi-objective deep reinforcement learning. CoRR abs/1811.08586. http://arxiv.org/abs/1811.08586
Xiong X, Wang J, Zhang F, Li K (2016) Combining deep reinforcement learning and safety based control for autonomous driving. ArXiv abs/1612.00147
Indian roads dataset, open government data (ogd) platform India, https://data.gov.in/dataset-group-name/roads. Accessed 02 Feb 2022
Schoettle B, Sivak M (2014) Public opinion about self-driving vehicles in China, India, Japan, The US, The UK, and Australia. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Tech rep
Zhang P, Xiong L, Yu Z, Fang P, Yan S, Yao J, Zhou Y (2019) Reinforcement learning-based end-to-end parking for automatic parking system. Sensors 19(18). https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/18/3996
Thunyapoo B, Ratchadakorntham C, Siricharoen P, Susutti W (2020) Self-parking car simulation using reinforcement learning approach for moderate complexity parking scenario. In: 2020 17th international conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), pp 576–579
Zhang J, Chen H, Song S, Hu F (2020) Reinforcement learning-based motion planning for automatic parking system. IEEE Access 8:154485–154501
Du Z, Miao Q, Zong C (2020) Trajectory planning for automated parking systems using deep reinforcement learning. Int J Autom Technol 21:881–887
Liao J, Liu T, Tang X, Mu X, Huang B, Cao D (2020) Decision-making strategy on highway for autonomous vehicles using deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Access 8:177804–177814
Wang G, Hu J, Li Z, Li L (2020) Harmonious lane changing via deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst 1–9
Krasowski H, Wang X, Althoff M (2020) Safe reinforcement learning for autonomous lane changing using set-based prediction. In: 2020 IEEE 23rd international conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp 1–7
Triest S, Villaflor A, Dolan JM (2020) Learning highway ramp merging via reinforcement learning with temporally-extended actions. In: 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles symposium (IV), pp 1595–1600
Nishitani I, Yang H, Guo R, Keshavamurthy S, Oguchi K (2020) Deep merging: vehicle merging controller based on deep reinforcement learning with embedding network. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp 216–221
Kim M, Lee S, Lim J, Choi J, Kang SG (2020) Unexpected collision avoidance driving strategy using deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Access 8:17243–17252
Kontes GD, Scherer DD, Nisslbeck T, Fischer J, Mutschler C (2020) High-speed collision avoidance using deep reinforcement learning and domain randomization for autonomous vehicles. In: 2020 IEEE 23rd international conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp 1–8
Arvind CS, Senthilnath J (2019) Autonomous rl: autonomous vehicle obstacle avoidance in a dynamic environment using mlp-sarsa reinforcement learning. In: 2019 IEEE 5th International Conference on Mechatronics System and Robots (ICMSR), pp 120–124
Fuchs F, Song Y, Kaufmann E, Scaramuzza D, Durr P (2021) Super-human performance in gran turismo sport using deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 6(3):4257–4264. https://doi.org/10.1109/LRA.2021.3064284
Niu J, Hu Y, Jin B, Han Y, Li X (2020) Two-stage safe reinforcement learning for high-speed autonomous racing. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp 3934–3941
Güçkıran K, Bolat B (2019) Autonomous car racing in simulation environment using deep reinforcement learning. In: 2019 innovations in intelligent systems and applications conference (ASYU), pp 1–6
Jaritz M, de Charette R, Toromanoff M, Perot E, Nashashibi F (2018) End-to-end race driving with deep reinforcement learning. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp 2070–2075
Balaji B, Mallya S, Genc S, Gupta S, Dirac L, Khare V, Roy G, Sun T, Tao Y, Townsend B, Calleja E, Muralidhara S, Karuppasamy D (2020) Deepracer: autonomous racing platform for experimentation with sim2real reinforcement learning. In: 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), pp 2746–2754
Kaushik M, Prasad V, Krishna KM, Ravindran B (2018) Overtaking maneuvers in simulated highway driving using deep reinforcement learning. In: 2018 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles symposium (IV), pp 1885–1890
Li X, Xu X, Zuo L (2015) Reinforcement learning based overtaking decision-making for highway autonomous driving. In: 2015 sixth International Conference on Intelligent Control and Information Processing (ICICIP), pp 336–342
Mo S, Pei X, Chen Z (2019) Decision-making for oncoming traffic overtaking scenario using double dqn. In: 2019 3rd Conference on Vehicle Control and Intelligence (CVCI), pp 1–4
Zhu M, Wang Y, Pu Z, Hu J, Wang X, Ke R (2020) Safe, efficient, and comfortable velocity control based on reinforcement learning for autonomous driving. Transp Res Part C: Emerging Technol 117:102662
Pozzi A, Bae S, Choi Y, Borrelli F, Raimondo DM, Moura S (2020) Ecological velocity planning through signalized intersections: a deep reinforcement learning approach. In: 2020 59th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp 245–252
Capasso AP, Bacchiani G, Broggi A (2020) From simulation to real world maneuver execution using deep reinforcement learning. In: 2020 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles symposium (IV), pp 1570–1575
Garcia Cuenca L, Sanz E, Fernández J, Aliane N (2019) Autonomous driving in roundabout maneuvers using reinforcement learning with q-learning. Electronics 8:1536
Hoel CJ, Wolff K, Laine L (2018) Automated speed and lane change decision making using deep reinforcement learning. In: 2018 21st international conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), pp 2148–2155
Deshpande N, Vaufreydaz D, Spalanzani A (2021) Navigation in urban environments amongst pedestrians using multi-objective deep reinforcement learning. In: 2021 IEEE international Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (ITSC), pp 923–928
Fu Y, Li C, Yu FR, Luan TH, Zhang Y (2020) A decision-making strategy for vehicle autonomous braking in emergency via deep reinforcement learning. IEEE Trans Veh Technol 69(6):5876–5888
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Narasimhan, A., Shankar, A.R., Mittur, A., Kayarvizhy, N. (2023). Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving Scenarios in Indian Roads. In: Ranganathan, G., Fernando, X., Rocha, Á. (eds) Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 383. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4960-9_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4960-9_31
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-4959-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-4960-9
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)