Abstract
For the better understanding of potential environmental and human health impacts of airborne particulate matter (PM), the accurate and precise measurement of ambient PM is prerequisite. Various methods and instruments are available, ranging from filter-based sample collection for off-line laboratory analysis to on-line instruments that detect the airborne particles and give information of size distribution, particle mass concentration, and chemical data in real time. Different measurement strategies, sampling devices, and instruments based on different principles are used depending on the scientific objectives of the study. The improvements in time resolution achieved by the continuous methods have proven to be useful in monitoring of PM concentration, characterizing ambient PM, and are becoming essential in allowing decision-makers to make policies and scientists to investigate sources of particulate pollution and to probe into the dynamics and mechanisms of aerosol formation in the atmosphere. It is important for the researchers working in air quality field to have a detailed understanding of the principle and limitations associated with different PM measurement techniques. In this view, here this chapter provides overview of the measurement principle of techniques available and used worldwide for PM measurement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aggarwal SG (2010) Recent developments in aerosol measurement techniques and the metrological issues. Mapan 25(3):165–189
Aggarwal SG, Kumar S, Mandal P, Sarangi B, Singh K, Pokhariyal J, Mishra SK, Agarwal S, Sinha D, Singh S, Sharma C (2013) Traceability issue in PM2.5 and PM10 measurements. Mapan 28(3):153–166
Allan JD, Jimenez JL, Williams PI, Alfarra MR, Bower KN, Jayne JT, Coe H, Worsnop DR (2003) Quantitative sampling using an aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer 1. Techniques of data interpretation and error analysis. J Geophys Res Atmos 108(D3):4090 AAC 1–10
Arends BG, Nell J, Rutten SM (2000) Field comparison of four PM10 samplers in a polluted area in The Netherlands. J Aerosol Sci 31:512–513
Bagtasa G, Takeuchi N, Fukagawa S, Kuze H, Naito S (2007) Correction in aerosol mass concentration measurements with humidity difference between ambient and instrumental conditions. Atmos Environ 41(8):1616–1626
Bergman W, Shinn J, Lochner R, Sawyer S, Milanovich F, Mariella R Jr (2005) High air flow, low pressure drop, bio-aerosol collector using a multi-slit virtual impactor. J Aerosol Sci 36(5–6):619–638
Brown RJ, Milton MJ (2005) Analytical techniques for trace element analysis: an overview. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 24(3):266–274
Canagaratna MR, Jayne JT, Jimenez JL, Allan JD, Alfarra MR, Zhang Q, Onasch TB, Drewnick F, Coe H, Middlebrook A, Delia A, Williams LR, Trimborn AM, Northway MJ, DeCarlo PF, Kolb CE, Davidovits P, Worsnop DR (2007) Chemical and microphysical characterization of ambient aerosols with the aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer. Mass Spectrom Rev 26(2):185–222
Chang CT, Tsai CJ, Lee CT, Chang SY, Cheng MT, Chein HM (2001) Differences in PM10 concentrations measured by β-gauge monitor and hi-vol sampler. Atmos Environ 35(33):5741–5748
Chen M, Romay FJ, Li L, Naqwi A, Marple VA (2016) A novel quartz crystal cascade impactor for real-time aerosol mass distribution measurement. Aerosol Sci Technol 50(9):971–983
Chow JC (1995) Measurement methods to determine compliance with ambient air quality standards for suspended particles. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 45(5):320–382
Chowdhury Z, Campanella L, Gray C, Al Masud A, Marter-Kenyon J, Pennise D, Charron D, Zuzhang X (2013) Measurement and modeling of indoor air pollution in rural households with multiple stove interventions in Yunnan, China. Atmos Environ 67:161–169
Chung A, Chang DP, Kleeman MJ, Perry KD, Cahill TA, Dutcher D, McDougall EM, Stroud K (2001) Comparison of real-time instruments used to monitor airborne particulate matter. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 51(1):109–120
Cienfuegos F, Vaitsman D (2000) Análise Instrumental, 1st edn. Editora Interciênci, Rio de Janeiro
EN 12341 (2014) Ambient air. Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2.5. European Committee for Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium
Conner WD (1966) An inertial-type particle separator for collecting large samples. J Air Pollut Control Assoc 16(1):35–38
Costa MAM, Carvalho JA Jr, Neto TS, Anselmo E, Lima BDA, Kura LTU, Santos JC (2012) Real-time sampling of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm from Amazon forest biomass combustion. Atmos Environ 54:480–489
Eatough DJ, Eatough NL, Obeidi F, Pang Y, Modey W, Long R (2001) Continuous determination of PM2. 5 mass, including semi-volatile species. Aerosol Sci Technol 34(1):1–8
Ehara K, Hagwood C, Coakley KJ (1996) Novel method to classify aerosol particles according to their mass-to-charge ratio—aerosol particle mass analyser. J Aerosol Sci 27(2):217–234
Gebhart JJCW, Heyder J, Roth C, Stahlhofen W (1976) Optical aerosol size spectrometry below and above the wavelength of light-a comparison. In: Fine Particles. Academic Press, pp 793–815
Gehrig R, Hueglin C, Schwarzenbach B, Seitz T, Buchmann B (2005) A new method to link PM10 concentrations from automatic monitors to the manual gravimetric reference method according to EN12341. Atmos Environ 39(12):2213–2223
Gilham RJ, Spencer SJ, Butterfield D, Seah MP, Quincey PG (2008) On the applicability of XPS for quantitative total organic and elemental carbon analysis of airborne particulate matter. Atmos Environ 42(16):3888–3891
Hahn DW, Lunden MM (2000) Detection and analysis of aerosol particles by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Aerosol Sci Technol 33(1–2):30–48
Hinds WC (1999) Aerosol technology: properties, behavior, and measurement of airborne particles. Wiley, USA
Hinz KP, Kaufmann R, Spengler B (1994) Laser-induced mass analysis of single particles in the airborne state. Anal Chem 66(13):2071–2076
Jaklevic JM, Gatti RC, Goulding FS, Loo BW (1981) A. beta-gauge method applied to aerosol samples. Environ Sci Technol 15(6):680–686
Janssens KH (ed) (2013) Modern methods for analysing archaeological and historical glass, vol 1. Wiley
Jaques PA, Ambs JL, Grant WL, Sioutas C (2004) Field evaluation of the differential TEOM monitor for continuous PM2. 5 mass concentrations special issue of aerosol science and technology on findings from the fine particulate matter supersites program. Aerosol Sci Technol 38(S1):49–59
Kamphus M, Ettner-Mahl M, Brands M, Curtius J, Drewnick F, Borrmann S (2008) Comparison of two aerodynamic lenses as an inlet for a single particle laser ablation mass spectrometer. Aerosol Sci Technol 42(11):970–980
Kenny LC, Merrifield T, Mark D, Gussman R, Thorpe A (2004) The development and designation testing of a new USEPA-approved fine particle inlet: a study of the USEPA designation process. Aerosol Sci Technol 38(S2):15–22
Keskinen J, Janka K, Lehtimäki M (1987) Virtual impactor as an accessory to optical particle counters. Aerosol Sci Technol 6(1):79–83
Keskinen J, Pietarinen K, Lehtimäki M (1992) Electrical low pressure impactor. J Aerosol Sci 23(4):353–360
Khlystov A, Stanier CO, Takahama S, Pandis SN (2005) Water content of ambient aerosol during the Pittsburgh air quality study. J Geophys Res Atmos 110(D07S10):1–10
Le TC, Wang YC, Pui DY, Tsai CJ (2020a) Characterization of atmospheric PM2.5 inorganic aerosols using the semi-continuous PPWD-PILS-IC system and the ISORROPIA-II. Atmos 11(8):820
Le TC, Shukla KK, Chen YT, Chang SC, Lin TY, Li Z, Pui DY, Tsai CJ (2020b) On the concentration differences between PM2.5 FEM monitors and FRM samplers. Atmos Environ 222:117138
Lee JH, Hopke PK, Holsen TM, Polissar AV, Lee DW, Edgerton ES, Ondov JM, Allen G (2005) Measurements of fine particle mass concentrations using continuous and integrated monitors in eastern US cities. Aerosol Sci Technol 39(3):261–275
Lehmann U, Niemelä V, Mohr M (2004) New method for time-resolved diesel engine exhaust particle mass measurement. Environ Sci Technol 38(21):5704–5711
Li L, Huang Z, Dong J, Li M, Gao W, Nian H, Fu Z, Zhang G, Bi Z, Cheng P, Zhou Z (2011) Real time bipolar time-of-flight mass spectrometer for analyzing single aerosol particles. Int J Mass Spectrom 303(2–3):118–124
Liebhaber FB, Lehtimäki M, Willeke K (1991) Low-cost virtual impactor for large-particle amplification in optical particle counters. Aerosol Sci Technol 15(3):208–213
Liu CN, Lin SF, Awasthi A, Tsai CJ, Wu YC, Chen CF (2014) Sampling and conditioning artifacts of PM2. 5 in filter-based samplers. Atmos Environ 85:48–53
Maenhaut W, Ducastel G, Hillamo RE, Pakkanen TA (1993) Evaluation of the applicability of the MOUDI impactor for aerosol collections with subsequent multielement analysis by PIXE. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res, Sect B 75(1–4):249–256
Mamakos A, Ntziachristos L, Samaras Z (2006) Evaluation of the Dekati mass monitor for the measurement of exhaust particle mass emissions. Environ Sci Technol 40(15):4739–4745
McKeown PJ, Johnston MV, Murphy DM (1991) On-line single-particle analysis by laser desorption mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 63(18):2069–2073
Mecea V (2006) Fundamentals of mass measurements. J Therm Anal Calorim 86(1):9–16
Murphy DM, Thomson DS (1995) Laser ionization mass spectroscopy of single aerosol particles. Aerosol Sci Technol 22(3):237–249
Olin JG, Sem GJ (1971) Piezoelectric microbalance for monitoring the mass concentration of suspended particles. Atmos Environ (1967) 5(8):653–668
Peters TM, Norris GA, Vanderpool RW, Gemmill DB, Wiener RW, Murdoch RW, Mcelroy FF, Pitchford M (2001) Field performance of PM2. 5 federal reference method samplers. Aerosol Sci Technol 34(5):433–443
Prado GF, Zanetta DMT, Arbex MA, Braga AL, Pereira LAA, de Marchi MRR, de Melo Loureiro AP, Marcourakis T, Sugauara LE, Gattás GJF, Gonçalves FT (2012) Burnt sugarcane harvesting: particulate matter exposure and the effects on lung function, oxidative stress, and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Sci Total Environ 437:200–208
Prather KA, Nordmeyer T, Salt K (1994) Real-time characterization of individual aerosol particles using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 66(9):1403–1407
Rizzo M, Scheff PA, Kaldy W (2003) Adjusting tapered element oscillating microbalance data for comparison with Federal Reference Method PM2. 5 measurements in region 5. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 53(5):596–607
Romay FJ, Roberts DL, Marple VA, Liu BYH, Olson BA (2002) A high-performance aerosol concentrator for biological agent detection. Aerosol Sci Technol 36(2):217–226
Salminen K, Karlsson V (2003) Comparability of low-volume PM10 sampler with beta-attenuation monitor in background air. Atmos Environ 37(26):3707–3712
Sarangi B, Aggarwal SG, Sinha D, Gupta PK (2016) Aerosol effective density measurement using scanning mobility particle sizer and quartz crystal microbalance with the estimation of involved uncertainty. Atmos Meas Tech 9(3):859–875
Sauerbrey G (1959) Verwendung von Schwingquarzen zur Wägung dünner Schichten und zur Mikrowägung. Z Phys 155(2):206–222
Shin SE, Jung CH, Kim YP (2011) Analysis of the measurement difference for the PM10 concentrations between Beta-ray absorption and gravimetric methods at Gosan. Aerosol Air Qual Res 11(7):846–853
Shukla K, Aggarwal SG (2021) Performance check of beta gauge method under high PM2.5 mass loading and varying meteorological conditions in an urban atmosphere. Atmos Pollut Res 12(11):101215
Sobanska S, Coeur C, Maenhaut W, Adams F (2003) SEM-EDX characterisation of tropospheric aerosols in the Negev desert (Israel). J Atmos Chem 44(3):299–322
Sullivan RC, Prather KA (2005) Recent advances in our understanding of atmospheric chemistry and climate made possible by on-line aerosol analysis instrumentation. Anal Chem 77(12):3861–3886
Tortajada-Genaro LA, Borrás E (2011) Temperature effect of tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM) system measuring semi-volatile organic particulate matter. J Environ Monit 13(4):1017–1026
Tsai CJ, Chang CT, Huang CH (2006) Direct field observation of the relative humidity effect on the β-gauge readings. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 56(6):834–840
Tzou TZ (1999) Aerodynamic particle size of metered-dose inhalers determined by the quartz crystal microbalance and the Andersen cascade impactor. Int J Pharm 186(1):71–79
US EPA (2017) Ambient air monitoring reference and equivalent methods. 40 CFR, part 53, Federal Code of Regulations. US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Wang S, Zordan CA, Johnston MV (2006) Chemical characterization of individual, airborne sub-10-nm particles and molecules. Anal Chem 78(6):1750–1754
Ward MD, Buttry DA (1990) In situ interfacial mass detection with piezoelectric transducers. Science 249(4972):1000–1007
Wedding JB, Weigand MA (1993) An automatic particle sampler with beta gauging. Air Waste 43(4):475–479
Whitby KT, Clark WE (1966) Electric aerosol particle counting and size distribution measuring system for the 0.015 to 1 μ size range 1. Tellus 18(2–3):573–586
Wilson JC, Liu BY (1980) Aerodynamic particle size measurement by Laser-Doppler velocimetry. J Aerosol Sci 11(2):139–150
Wilson WE, Chow JC, Claiborn C, Fusheng W, Engelbrecht J, Watson JG (2002) Monitoring of particulate matter outdoors. Chemosphere 49(9):1009–1043
Wu J, Cooper D, Miller R (1989) Virtual impactor aerosol concentrator for cleanroom monitoring. J Environ Sci 32(4):52–56
Zhu K, Zhang J, Lioy PJ (2007) Evaluation and comparison of continuous fine particulate matter monitors for measurement of ambient aerosols. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 57(12):1499–1506
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Shukla, K., Aggarwal, S.G. (2022). Particulate Matter Measurement Techniques. In: Aswal, D.K., Yadav, S., Takatsuji, T., Rachakonda, P., Kumar, H. (eds) Handbook of Metrology and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1550-5_133-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1550-5_133-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-19-1550-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-19-1550-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering