Abstract
Education in Indonesia is mandated by the Pancasila (Indonesian State Philosophy and Ideology) and its Constitution. Consequently, the government must provide basic education to every single Indonesian. The participation rate of students at the basic education level, as well as the number of schools and the teacher-student ratios, has shown positive trends. These trends, however, do not hide the fact that Indonesia still struggles with issues of access and equality in terms of infrastructure, teacher quality, Internet access, and accessibility and parity for disabled students and those of minority groups. Clear gaps in access to technology for schools in remote and rural areas and the inability to use technology by teachers, students, and parents surfaced when the COVID-19 pandemic emerged in 2020, compelling schools to shift their medium of instruction. This chapter reports the historical development of Indonesia’s basic education and highlights its recent improvements and challenges.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adiyoso W, Kanegae H (2012) The effect of different disaster education programs on tsunami preparedness among schoolchildren in Aceh, Indonesia. Disaster Mitig Cult Herit Historic Cities 6(1):165–172
Agustina R, Nugroho SW, Sulistyowati NP, Annisa L, Putrianti R (2020) Statistik Pendidikan 2020 (Education statistics 2020). Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta
AKM (n.d.) Prepare Minimum Competency Assessment (AKM) towards quality schools. Available at: http://ditpsd.kemdikbud.go.id/artikel/detail/persiapkan-asesmen-kompetensi-minimum-akm-menuju-sekolah-berkualitas. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
Andrina M, Rahman MA, Rarasati N, Suryadarma D (2020) Laporan baseline Inspirasi (Inspiration baseline report). Available at: https://inspirasifoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/RR_INSPIRASI_Baseline-Report_Ind_2020-5-8-2.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2021
Argina AW, Mitra D, Ijabah N, Setiawan R (2017) Indonesian PISA result: what factors and what should be fixed. Available at: http://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/ELIC/article/view/1212. Accessed 5 June 2021
Arifai A (2018) Pengembangan kurikulum pesantren, madrasah dan sekolah (Development of boarding school, madrasah (Islamic based school) and school curricula). Raudhah Proud Professionals 3(2):13–20
Arlinwibowo J, Retnawati H, Badrun K (2020) The types of STEM education implementation in Indonesia. J Xi’an Univ Architect Technol XII(Viii):606–613
Azizah N (2016) Kompetensi guru pendidikan khusus dalam pendidikan transisi (The competence of special education teachers in transitional education). JPK (Jurnal Pendidikan Khusus) 12(1):1–13
BANSM (2018) Mekanisme Akreditasi Sekolah/Madrasah (School/Madrasah accreditation mechanism). Available at: https://bansm.kemdikbud.go.id/page/detail/mekanisme-akreditasi-. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
BBC News Indonesia (2021) Wajib jilbab bagi siswi non-Muslim di Padang: ‘Sekolah negeri cenderung gagal terapkan kebhinekaan’ (Obligatory hijab for non-Muslim students in Padang: ‘State schools tend to fail to implement diversity’). Available at: https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-55806826. Accessed 1 July 2021
BPS (2017) Statistical yearbook of Indonesia in infographics. BPS-Statistics Indonesia, Jakarta
BPS (2019) Potret Pendidikan Indonesia Statistik Pendidikan Indonesia 2019 (Portrait and statistics of Indonesian education 2019). Available at: https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2019/11/29/1deb588ef5fdbfba3343bb51/potret-pendidikan-statistik-pendidikan-indonesia-2019.htm. Accessed 1 July 2021
BPS (2020) Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020 (2020 population census results). Available at: https://www.bps.go.id/pressrelease/2021/01/21/1854/hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html. Accessed 30 June 2021
Chaeruman UA, Bintoro T, Hartoto SM (2019, December) How do teachers perceive modern instruction? An online survey to pre-service and in-service teachers. In: International conference on education technology (ICoET 2019). Atlantis Press, Amsterdam, pp 242–246
Dewi MP, Rahmatunnisa M, Sumaryana A, Kristiadi JB (2018) Ensuring service quality in education for Indonesia’s sustainable education. J Soc Stud Educ Res 9(4):65–81. https://doi.org/10.17499/jsser.26856
Dike D, Parida L, Welerubun I (2020) Teachers’ awareness on multicultural values and attitudes: a case of multicultural education in Indonesian primary schools. J Crit Rev 7(7):823–830. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.07.151
Duflo E (2001) Schooling and labor market consequences of school construction in Indonesia: evidence from an unusual policy experiment. Am Econ Rev 91(4):795–813
Dzulfikar LT (2020) Manajemen sekolah adalah kunci sukses siswa, tapi kualitas kepala sekolah di Indonesia meragukan (School management is the key to student success, however the quality of principals in Indonesia is dubious). Available at: https://theconversation.com/manajemen-sekolah-adalah-kunci-sukses-siswa-tapi-kualitas-kepala-sekolah-di-indonesia-meragukan-129626. Accessed 30 Jan 2021
Febriana M, Nurkamto J, Rochsantiningsih D, Muhtia A (2018) Teaching in rural Indonesian schools: teachers’ challenges. Int J Lang Teach Educ 2(2):87–96. https://doi.org/10.22437/ijolte.v2i2.5002
Hadi A (2018) Bridging Indonesia’s digital divide: rural-urban linkages. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik 22(1):17–33
Hadi S, Novaliyosi N (2019) TIMSS Indonesia (Trends in international mathematics and science study). Available at: https://jurnal.unsil.ac.id/index.php/sncp/article/view/1096/754. Accessed 13 Sept 2020
Hakim L (2017) Analisis perbedaan antara kurikulum KTSP dan kurikulum 2013 (Analysis of the differences between the KTSP curriculum and the 2013 curriculum). Jurnal Ilmiah Didaktika 17(2):280–292
Harjanto I, Lie A, Wihardini D, Pryor L, Wilson M (2018) Community-based teacher professional development in remote areas in Indonesia. J Educ Teach 44(2):212–231
Harususilo YE (2019) Orangtua, Perhatikan Ini Syarat Masuk TK dan SD dalam Aturan PPDB 2020 (Parents, attention to these kindergarten and elementary school entry requirements in the 2020 PPDB rules). Available at: https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2019/12/17/09531861/orangtua-perhatikan-ini-syarat-masuk-tk-dan-sd-dalam-aturan-ppdb-2020?page=all. Accessed 27 Mar 2021
Jasmina T (2017) The role of government spending on basic education at the district level in Indonesia. Policy Sci 25(1):135–152
Joniad IN (2020) A lost generation of refugee children in Indonesia. Available at: https://overland.org.au/2020/05/a-lost-generation-of-refugee-children-in-indonesia/. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Kartini D, Kristiawan M (2019) Pengaruh tunjangan profesi dan motivasi kerja terhadap kinerja guru (Effect of professional allowance and work motivation on teacher performance). Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan 6(1):25–33
Kharisma B (2018) Can a school operational assistance fund program (BOS) reduce school drop-outs during the post-rising fuel prices in Indonesia? Evidence from Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan 19(1):12–23. https://doi.org/10.23917/jep.v18i2.4942
Lafendry F (2020) Kualifikasi Dan Kompetensi Guru Dalam Dunia Pendidikan (Teacher qualifications and competencies in the world of education). Available at: https://stai-binamadani.e-journal.id/Tarbawi/article/view/166. Accessed 9 Oct 2022
Laksono K, Retnaningdyah P (2018) Literacy infrastructure, access to books, and the implementation of the school literacy movement in primary schools in Indonesia. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng 296:012045. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/296/1/012045
Louw A, Diener I, Butler DS, Puentedura EJ (2013) Preoperative education addressing postoperative pain in total joint arthroplasty: review of content and educational delivery methods. Physiother Theory Pract 29(3):175–194. https://doi.org/10.3109/09593985.2012.727527
Malik RS (2018) Educational challenges in 21st century and sustainable development. J Sustain Dev Educ Res 2(1):9–20
Miarso Y (2016) Menyemai Benih Teknologi Pendidikan (kedua) (Sowing the seeds of educational technology (second)). Prenada Media Group, Jakarta
Minister of National Education (2020) Elementary school statistics. Available at: https://statistik.data.kemdikbud.go.id. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
Ministry of National Planning (2020) Roadmap of SDG’s Indonesia. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/media/1626/file/Roadmap%20of%20SDGs.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
MoE (2003) Act of the Republic of Indonesia number 20, the year 2003 on National Education System. Ministry of National Education, Jakarta
MoE (2005) Government regulation number 19, about National Standard of Education, Chapter 6. Available at: http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_6549DA84-7A7F-44B5-AD22-829B1F002A4F_.pdf. Accesed 1 July 2021
MoE (2007) Regulation of the Minister of National Education Number 16, 2007. Available at: http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_6549DA84-7A7F-44B5-AD22-829B1F002A4F_.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2021
MoEC (2014) Concept and implementation 2013 curriculum. Available at: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/kemdikbud/dokumen/Paparan/Paparan%20Wamendik.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
MoEC (2015) Mulai Tahun ini, Kemendikbud Ukur Kompetensi Guru Lewat Dua Skema (Starting this year, the Ministry of Education and Culture will measure teacher competence through two schemes). Available at: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2015/08/mulai-tahun-ini-kemendikbud-ukur-kompetensi-guru-lewat-dua-skema-4457-4457-4457. Accessed 30 Aug 2021
MoEC (2017a) Sekolah Inklusi dan Pembangunan SLB Dukung Pendidikan Inklusi (Inclusive schools and how special school development support inclusive education). Available at: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2017/02/sekolah-inklusi-dan-pembangunan-slb-dukung-pendidikan-inklusi. Accessed 12 Mar 2021
MoEC (2017b) Statitistik Sekolah luar biasa (Special-needs school’s statistics) (SLB) 2016/2017. Available at: http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_9CBD2FEC-C6BF-4ABA-B153-59B7DE31C66B_.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2021
MoEC (2018a) Peraturan menteri pendidikan dan kebudayaan republik indonesia, nomor 6 tahun 2018, tentang Penugasan guru sebagai kepala sekolah (Regulation of the minister of education and culture of the republic of Indonesia, number 6 of 2018, concerning the assignment of teachers as school principals). Available at: https://lppksps.kemdikbud.go.id/upload/unduhan/Permendikbud_Nomor6_Tahun2018.pdf. Accessed 1 July 2021
MoEC (2018b) Indonesia educational statistics in brief 2018/2019. Available at: http://publikasi.data.kemdikbud.go.id/uploadDir/isi_03351F6F-A355-4531-9DC1-109E5E4C6C17_.pdf. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
MoEC (2019) Perangkat instrumen pemetaan mutu pendidikan dasar dan menengah (Instruments for mapping the quality of primary and secondary education). Available at: https://pmp.kemdikbud.go.id/assets/files/unduhan/2019/01-perangkat-instrumen-2019-jenjang-sd.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2021
MoEC (2020a) Peta Jalan Pendidikan Indonesia 2020–2035 (Indonesia education road map 2020–2035). Available at: http://abpptsi.org/2020/12/peta-jalan-pendidikan-indonesia-2020-2035/. Accessed
MoEC (2020b) Tahun 2021, Kemendikbud Akan Relaksasi Dana BOS dan Lanjutkan Program Digitalisasi Sekolah (In 2021, the Ministry of Education and Culture will relax BOS funds and continue the school digitization program). Available at: https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/main/blog/2020/11/tahun-2021-kemendikbud-akan-relaksasi-dana-bos-dan-lanjutkan-program-digitalisasi-sekolah. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
MoEC (2020c) Pusat Data dan Teknologi Infomasi Pendidikan dan kebudayaan (Center for data and information technology education and culture). Ministry of Education and Culture, Jakarta
MoEC (2021) Darmasiswa Indonesian scholarship. Available at: https://darmasiswa.kemdikbud.go.id/. Accessed 1 Apr 2021
MoEC (n.d.) Peta Jalan Pendidikan Indonesia 2020–2035 (Indonesia education roadmap 2020–2035). Available at: http://abpptsi.org/2020/12/peta-jalan-pendidikan-indonesia-2020-2035/. Accessed 26 May 2022
Muhammedi M (2016) Perubahan Kurikulum Di Indonesia: Studi Kritis Tentang Upaya Menemukan Kurikulum Pendidikan Islam Yang Ideal (Curriculum changes in Indonesia: a critical study of finding the ideal Islamic education curriculum). Jurnal Raudhah 4(1):49–70
Mulyadi AWE (2017) The policy of inclusive education for all in Indonesia. Policy Govern Rev 1(3):201–212. https://doi.org/10.30589/pgr.v1i3.57
Muttaqin T (2018) Determinants of unequal access to and quality of education in Indonesia. Jurnal Perencanaan Pembangunan 2(1). https://doi.org/10.36574/jpp.v2i1.27
Nasyirwan N (2015) Pencapaian 8 (Delapan) Standar Nasional Pendidikan oleh Kepala Sekolah untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Lulusan (Achievement of 8 (Eight) national education standards by school principals to improve the quality of graduates). Manajer Pendidikan 9(6):724–737
Neraca Pendidikan Daerah (NPD) (2019) Data UKG. Available at: https://npd.kemdikbud.go.id/?appid=ukg. Accessed 29 Mar 2021
OECD (2019) PISA 2018 results. Combined executive summaries, vols I, II & III. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/pisa/Combined_Executive_Summaries_PISA_2018.pdf. Accessed 12 July 2021
Pratama YA (2019) Integrasi pendidikan madrasah dalam sistem pendidikan nasional (Studi kebijakan pendidikan madrasah di Indonesia). Al-Tadzkiyyah: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 10(1):95–112.
Pusat Data dan Teknologi Informasi (PDTI) (n.d.) Tabel Statistik Sekolah Dasar (School statistic database). Available at: https://statistik.data.kemdikbud.go.id. Accessed 26 May 2022
Pusmenjar (2020) Rencana Strategies 2020–2024 (Strategic Plan 2020–2024). Available at: https://pusmenjar.kemdikbud.go.id/wp-content/uploads/puspendik-public/Renstra%20Pusmenjar%202020-2024-cov.pdf. Accessed 29 Mar 2021
Rahadian RB, Budiningsih CA (2018) What are the suitable instructional strategy and media for student learning styles in middle schools? Int J Int Technol Educ 6(4):25–39. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijite.2017.6403
Rahmawati P (2020) Pengaruh Program Bos terhadap Keputusan Anak Putus Sekolah (The effect of the BOS funding program on children’s decisions to drop out of school). Efficient 3(1):680–697
Rasiman (2018) Analisis Guru Ditinjau dari Pengembangan Keprofesian Berkelanjutan (Teacher analysis viewed from continuing professional development). Available at: http://prosiding.upgris.ac.id/index.php/dgm/dgm18/paper/viewFile/2466/2427. Accessed 9 Oct 2022
Rifai I (2013) Various dimensions of globalization and their implications for the leadership and management of education. Lingua Cultura 7(2):87–91. https://doi.org/10.21512/lc.v7i2.425
Rifai I, Setiadi CJ, Renaldo J, Andreani W (2021) Toward society 5.0: Indonesia and Japan on the 21st-century literacy skills. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci 729(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/729/1/012102
Rombot O (2017) Pendidikan Inklusi (Inclusive education). Available at: https://pgsd.binus.ac.id/2017/04/10/pendidikan-inklusi/. Accessed 22 Feb 2021
Rosidin U, Herpratiwi H, Suana W, Firdaos R (2019) Evaluation of national examination (UN) and national-based school examination (USBN) in Indonesia. Eurasian J Educ Res 8(3):827–937
Rush JV (2018) The impact of natural disasters on education in Indonesia. Econ Disasters Clim Change 2(2):137–158
Rusmono DO (2020) Kelola Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Magister Manajemen Pendidikan FKIP Optimalisasi Pendidikan Inklusi di Sekolah (Managing Journal of Education Management, Masters in Education Management FKIP, Optimizing Inclusive Education in Schools). Lit Rev Kelola 7:209–217
Samodro D (2021) Komisi X DPR dorong reformulasi anggaran pendidikan di daerah (DPR Commission X pushes for regional education budget reformulation). Available at: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/1980999/komisi-x-dpr-dorong-reformulasi-anggaran-pendidikan-di-daerah. Accessed 1 July 2021
UNICEF (2019) Children-with-disabilities-and-education-2020. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/documents/children-disabilites-and-education. Accessed 1 July 2021
UNICEF (2020) The government of Indonesia and UNICEF sign a $150 M Country Program Action Plan to deliver seven goals for the welfare of Indonesian children. Available at: https://www.unicef.org/indonesia/press-releases/government-indonesia-and-unicef-sign-150-m-country-program-action-plan-deliver-seven. Accessed 10 Mar 2021
Wahyuni S (2016) Curriculum development in Indonesian context the historical perspectives and the implementation. Universum 10(1):73–82. https://doi.org/10.30762/universum.v10i1.225
Wea D (2016) Program SM3T Dan Ppg Sebagai Persyaratan Bagi Para Calon Guru Untuk Mengikuti Rekrutmen Dan Seleksi Sebagai Pegawai Negeri Sipil Di Indonesia (SM3T and PPG programs as requirements for prospective teachers to participate in recruitment and selection as civil employee in Indonesia). Jurnal Masalah Pastoral 4(1):86–102
Werang BR (2018) The effect of workload, individual characteristics, and school climate on teachers’ emotional exhaustion in primary schools of Papua. Cakrawala Pendidikan 37(3):457–469
Wicaksana EJ, Atmadja P (2018) Analysis of the impact of teacher program director at psmk (sm3t program) to animo learning students in biological lessons in smkn 1 Kintamani, Bali. BIODIK 4(2):77–82
Wiedarti P, Laksono K, Retnanindyah P (2016) Desain induk gerakan literasi sekolah (The core design of school literacy movement). Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta
World Bank (2015) Indonesia: teacher certification and beyond. An empirical evaluation of the teacher certification program and education quality improvements in Indonesia. Available at: https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/129551468196175672/pdf/104599-WP-P102259-PUBLIC-Teacher-Certification-and-beyond-final.pdf. Accessed 30 Aug 2021
World Bank (2019) Country profile|World development indicators. Available at: https://databank.worldbank.org/views/reports/reportwidget.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=IDN. Accessed 1 July 2021
Zulfikar T (2018) The making of Indonesian education: an overview on empowering Indonesian teachers. J Indonesian Soc Sci Human 2:13–39. https://doi.org/10.14203/jissh.v2i0.19
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rifai, I., Rombot, O. (2022). Basic Education in Indonesia. In: Symaco, L.P., Hayden, M. (eds) International Handbook on Education in South East Asia. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8136-3_29-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8136-3_29-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-8135-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-8136-3
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education