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Noninvasive and Invasive BCIs and Hardware and Software Components for BCIs

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are systems that use direct real-time recordings of brain activity for communication and control. This chapter introduces the current state of the art of noninvasive and invasive BCIs. We start with a brief conceptual overview, discuss different types of input signals, and outline common control signals with some typical applications. We also describe the hardware and software needed to run BCI experiments. In this spirit, we illustrate some practical BCI systems that are available for communication, stroke rehabilitation, consciousness assessment, and functional brain mapping. We conclude this chapter with future perspectives about emerging BCI systems. For example, high-density EEG and ECoG systems and methods, noninvasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques, and hybrid fusion feedback are advancing quickly and could foster new directions in research and clinical applications.

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Abbreviations

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

BCI:

Brain-computer interface

CRS-r:

Coma-recovery scale-revised

CSP:

Common spatial patterns

cVEP:

Code-based visual evoked potential

DBS:

Direct brain stimulation

DOC:

Disorders of consciousness

ECoG:

Electrocorticogram

ECS:

Electrical cortical stimulation

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

EMG:

Electromyogram

ERD:

Event-related desynchronization

ERP:

Event-related potential

ERS:

Event-related synchronization

FET:

Field effect transistor

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

fNIRS:

Functional near infrared spectroscopy

HFO:

High frequency oscillation

HGA:

High-gamma activation

LDA:

Linear discriminant analysis

LFB:

Low frequency band

LIS:

Locked-in syndrome

MCS:

Minimal consciousness state

MEG:

Magnetoencephalogram

MRCP:

Movement-related cortical potential

NIBS:

Noninvasive brain stimulation

SCP:

Slow cortical potentials

SMR:

Sensorimotor rhythm

SSVEP:

Steady-state visual evoked potential

tDCS:

Transcranial direct current stimulation

TMS:

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

UWS:

Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome

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    Christoph Guger, Johannes Grünwald & Ren Xu

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  1. Neuroengineering and Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Nitish V. Thakor

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Guger, C., Grünwald, J., Xu, R. (2023). Noninvasive and Invasive BCIs and Hardware and Software Components for BCIs. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_34

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