Skip to main content

Dementia Care in Malta: Policy, Experiences and Narratives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dementia Care
  • 861 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter embeds global trends in dementia policy and care in a unique national context, that of Malta, which is a European Union Member State. In 2015, the Maltese government launched the National Dementia Strategy so that Malta became the 21st country to launch a plan aimed at enhancing the quality of life of persons with dementia and family carers. The government followed this strategy by implementing a range of policy initiatives—most importantly, a Dementia Intervention Team. The most recent national statistics on caregivers of persons with dementia in Malta reported that the main carer for persons with dementia living in the community was the spouse, followed by the daughter. Informal caregiving with persons with dementia is such an onerous experience that many caregivers require assistance with a range of care work activities and are in receipt of a range of public service. The planning and writing of this chapter also aimed at exploring the subjective experience of dementia. A case study found that persons with dementia tend to experience “narrative dispossession” and spent most of their daily living balancing their private (the “self”) and public worlds (how others view them). This chapter advocates a life course approach to dementia, rather than treating it as an end-of-life phenomenon, while also calling for a relational approach to dementia policy that addresses the needs of all those involved in supporting people with dementia, whether in an unpaid or paid capacity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abela, S., Mamo, J., Aquilina, C., & Scerri, C. (2007). Estimated prevalence of dementia in the Maltese Islands. Malta Medical Journal, 19(2), 23–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2019a). From plan to impact II. The urgent need for action. Alzheimer’s Disease International. https://www.alz.co.uk/adi/pdf/from-plan-to-impact-2018.pdf. Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • Alzheimer’s Disease International. (2019b). Dementia statistics. Alzheimer’s Disease International. https://www.alz.co.uk/research/statistics. Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • Aminzadeh, F., Byszewski, A., Molnar, F., & Eisner, M. (2007). Emotional impact of dementia diagnosis: Exploring persons with dementia and caregivers’ perspectives. Ageing & Mental Health, 11(3), 281–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, C. (2006). The narrative dispossession of people living with dementia: Thinking about the theory and method of narrative. In K. Milnes, C. Horrocks, N. Kelly, B. Roberts, & D. Robinson (Eds.), Narrative, memory and knowledge: Representations, aesthetics and contexts (pp. 101–109). University of Huddersfield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beard, R. L., & Fox, P. J. (2008). Resisting social disenfranchisement: Negotiating collective identities and everyday life with memory loss. Social Science & Medicine, 66(7), 1509–1520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bitenc, R., (2020). Reconsidering dementia narratives. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briffa, F., & Natalie. (2018). Community services for people with dementia and their caregivers: An analysis of the support services provided in Malta. Unpublished dissertation, Master of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Gerontology and Dementia Studies, University of Malta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., & Robert, P. (Eds.). (2019). Dementia care: International perspectives. Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Directorate for Health, Inforsmation and Research. (2016). Dementia Report 2014/2015. Ministry for Health. http://health.gov.mt/en/dhir/Pages/Registries/dementia.aspx. Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • Alzheimer Europe. (2013). Dementia in Europe Yearbook 2013. Alzheimer’s Disease International. http://alzheimer-europe.org/content/download/79291/491583. Accessed on 12 July 2021.

  • Formosa, M. (2017). Responding to the active ageing index: Innovations in active ageing policies in Malta. Journal of Population Ageing, 10(1), 87–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Formosa, M., & Cassar, P. (2019). Visual arts dialogues with older persons in long-term care facilities. Educational Gerontology, 5(1), 23–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Formosa, M., & Galea, R. (2020). Critical educational gerontology at a senior center in Malta: Possibilities and limitations for critical consciousness. Educational Gerontology, 46(2), 59–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Formosa, M., & Scerri, C. (2020). Punching above its weight: Current and future aging policy in Malta. The Gerontologist, 60(8), 1384–1391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1998). The history of sexuality Volume 1: The will to knowledge. Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaugler, J., Reese, M., & Mittelman, M. (2018). The effects of a comprehensive psychosocial intervention on secondary stressors and social support for adult child caregivers of persons with dementia. Innovation in Aging, 2(2), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, S., & Rosa-Neto, P. (Eds.). (2011). Case studies in dementia: Common and uncommon presentations. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobey, A. (2013). Investigating the effects of communication difficulties on the burden of Maltese caregivers of persons with dementia. Unpublished dissertation, Master of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Gerontology and Dementia Studies, University of Malta.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobey, A. (2018). The dementia intervention team: Spearheading dementia and care management in the community. In M. Formosa (Ed.), Active and healthy ageing in Malta: Gerontological and geriatric inquiries in Malta (pp. 149–166). Book Distributors Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, Thornton Malta. (2018). Dementia in Malta: Estimating the number of persons with dementia and the demand for dementia specific residential care. Grant Thorton Malta (unpublished document).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hulko, W. (2009). “From ‘not big deal’ to ‘hellish’: Experiences of older people with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(3), 131–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Innes, A., Abela, S., & Scerri, C. (2011). The organisation of dementia care by families in Malta: The experiences of family caregivers. Dementia, 10(2), 165–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karlin, B., Young, D., & Dash, K. (2017). Empowering the dementia care workforce to manage behavioral symptoms of dementia: Development and training outcomes from the VOICE Dementia Care Program. Educational Gerontology, 38(4), 375–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kenyon, M. G., & Randall, L. W. (1999). Introduction: Narrative gerontology. Journal of Aging Studies, 13(1), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia reconsidered: The person comes first. Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuckelman Cobb, A., & Forbes, S. (2002). Qualitative research: What does it have to offer to the gerontologist? Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences, 57A(4), M197 M202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurie, A., & Monahan, K. (2015). Humor, aging, and life review: Survival through the use of humor. Social Work in Mental Health, 13(1), 82–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, G. (2019). Why person-centred’ is not enough: A relational approach to dementia. In G. Macdonald & J. Mears (Eds.), Dementia as a social experience: Valuing life and care (pp. 195–214). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, G., Mears, J., & Naderbagi, A. (2019). Reframing dementia: The social imperative. In G. Macdonald & J. Mears (Eds.), Dementia as a social experience: Valuing life and care (pp. 1–19). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahoney, R., Regan, C., Katona, C., & Livingstone, G. (2005). Anxiety and depression in family caregivers of people with Alzheimer’s disease—the LASER-AD study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13(9), 795–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, M., You, E., & Tatangelo, G. (2016). Hearing their voice—A systematic review of dementia caregivers’ needs. The Gerontologist, 56(5), e70–e88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, T. (2019). Negative positioning of ‘dementia’ in an environment of completion for resources. In G. Macdonald & J. Mears (Eds.), Dementia as a social experience: Valuing life and care (pp. 23–33). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mears, J. (2019). ‘Nobody cares about me’: Older women, caring and dementia. In G. Macdonald & J. Mears (Eds.), Dementia as a social experience: Valuing life and care (pp. 34–45). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muscat, M. (2015). Depression, anxiety and quality of life of caregivers of individuals with dementia living in the community in Malta. Unpublished dissertation, Master of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Gerontology and Dementia Studies, University of Malta.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Statistics Office. (2016). Malta in figures 2016. National Statistics Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Statistics Office. (2018). World population day: 11 July 2018. National Statistics Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parliamentary Secretariat for Rights of Persons with Disability and Active Ageing. (2015). Empowering change: A national strategy for Dementia in the Maltese Islands 2015–2023. Parliamentary Secretariat for Rights of Persons with Disability and Active Ageing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, K., Clarke, C., Wolverson, E., & Moniz-Cook, E. (2018). Through the eyes of others—the social experiences of persons with dementia: A systemic literature review and synthesis. International Psyhcogeriatrics, 30(6), 791–805.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roberto, K., McCann, B. R., Blieszner, R., & Savla, J. (2019). A long and winding road: Dementia caregiving with grit and grace. Innovation in Aging, 3(3), 1–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, L., Gemski, A., Abley, C., Bond, J., Keady, J., Campbell, S., Samsi, K., & Manthorpe, J. (2011). The transition to dementia—individual and family experiences of receiving a diagnosis: A review. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(7), 1026–1043.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rousseaux, M., Séve, A., Vallet, M., Pasquier, F., & Mackowiak-Cordoliani, M. A. (2010). An analysis of communication in conversation in patients with dementia. Neuropsycholgia, 48, 3884–3890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabat, R., & Steven. (2006). Mind, meaning, and personhood in dementia: The effects of positioning. In J. Hughes, S. Louw, & S. R. Sabat, (Eds.), Dementia: Mind, meaning, and the person (pp. 287–302). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri, A., & Scerri, C. (2012). Dementia in Malta: New prevalence estimates and projected trends. Malta Medical Journal, 24(3), 21–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri, C., & Zahra, T. (2013). X’ħin hu? Fatti dwar id-dimensja. Parliamentary Secretariat for the Elderly and Community Care.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri, C. (2015a). Malta’s vision for a national strategic policy. International Journal on Ageing in Developing Countries, 2(1), 113–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri, C. (2015b). Dementia in Malta: Trends, policy and professional development. In M. Formosa & C. Scerri (Eds.), Population ageing in Malta: Multidisciplinary perspectives (pp. 169–191). Malta University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scerri, C. (2015c). The travails of dementia policy development in a small island state: Perspectives from Malta Hellenic. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 18(1), 2–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. J., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spiteri, C., & Scerri, C. (2019). Utilisation of services by informal caregivers of community-dwelling persons living with dementia making use of the dementia activity centres in the Maltese Islands. Malta Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 5–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stake, E. R. (1995). The art of case study research. Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, R., & Bryant, N. (2012). The impact of health care reform on the workforce caring for older adults. Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 24(2), 188–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Swaffer, K. (2019). The reliability and meaning of a dementia diagnosis. Australian Journal of Dementia Care. https://journalofdementiacare.com/the-reliability-and-meaning-of-a-dementia-diagnosis/. Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • Surr, C., & Gates, C. (2017). Effective dementia education and training for the health and social care workforce: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 87(5), 966–1002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tretteteig, S., Vatne, S., & Rokstad, A. M. (2016). The influence of day care centres for people with dementia on family caregivers: an integrative review of the literature. Aging & mental health, 20(5), 450–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1023765

  • Villar, F., Serrat, R., & Bravo-Segal, S. (2019). Giving them a voice: Challenges to narrative agency in persons with dementia. Geriatrics, 4(20), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, S. (Ed.). (2018). Ageing, diversity and equality: Social justice perspectives. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2015). The epidemiology and impact of dementia: Current state and future trends. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/dementia/dementia_thematicbrief_epidemiology.pdf. Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • World Health Organization. (2017a). Global action plan on the public response to dementia 2017–2025. World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (2017b). Global action plan on the public response to dementia 2017–2025 [Infosheet]. World Health Organization: https://www.medbox.org/dementia/global-action-plan-on-the-public-health-response-to-dementia-infosheet/toolboxes/preview? Accessed on October 2, 2019.

  • Wright, T., & O’Connor, S. (2018). Reviewing challenges and gaps in European and global dementia policy. Journal of Public Mental Health, 17(4), 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, T. (2009). In-nannu nesa x’jisimni. Parliamentary Secretariat for the Elderly and Community Care.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marvin Formosa .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Formosa, M. (2021). Dementia Care in Malta: Policy, Experiences and Narratives. In: Shankardass, M.K. (eds) Dementia Care. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3864-0_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3864-0_13

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-16-3863-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-16-3864-0

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics