Abstract
Justice is often defined as the attainment of what is fair and right. It is also often related to the concept of equality, in which everyone gets due reward in accordance with what they deserve. Social justice has been a key issue in social philosophy since antiquity. Aristotle defines two particular forms of justice: rectificatory and distributive. Rectificatory justice implies the principal “equals should get equal.” Distributive justice employs geometric proportions: what each person receives is proportional to his merit.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
Rawls (1971).
- 3.
- 4.
Hayek (1982).
- 5.
We will refer to the following all-Russian representative surveys conducted by the InstituteofComplex Social Research and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences: What Russians Dream About (March 2012, n = 1751); Poverty and the Poor in Modern Russia (April 2013, n = 1600); Middle Class in Modern Russia (February 2014, n = 1600). All survey samples represented population of the country by region, and on regional level—by type of settlement, age, and gender (except for the 2012 survey, which did not include respondents over 55 years of age). Hereafter we will refer to the surveys by their date.
- 6.
Survey sample only included the respondents younger than 55 years old.
- 7.
See, for example, post-hoc analysis based on WVS, Levada-Centre, Public Opinion Foundation, WCIOM, and IS RAS data: Urnov (2012).
- 8.
The figure does not reflect answers “Partly agree, partly disagree” and “Don’t know”; based on a respondent sample of those younger than 55 years of age.
- 9.
Rosstat data (http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/urov/urov_32g.htm).
- 10.
The figure does not reflect answers “Partly agree, partly disagree” and “Don’t know”.
- 11.
For comparability reasons, only the under-55 share of the 2006 sample was analysed here.
- 12.
Hirschman and Rothschild (1973).
- 13.
Based on the following survey data: Civil Activism: New Public Policy Actors (n = 1600, March 2014, IS RAS); 20 Years of Reforms through the Eyes of Russians (n = 1750, April 2011, IS RAS). Both surveys were designed following the same nationally representative sampling model.
- 14.
Russians’ Political Views. Levada-Centre, press-release (July 29, 2013). http://www.levada.ru/29-07-2013/politicheskie-vzglyady-rossiyan.
References
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Hayek, F. 1982. Law, Legislation, and Liberty: A New Statement of the Liberal Principles of Justice and Political Economy, New pbk. ed. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
Hirschman, A., and M. Rothschild. 1973. The Changing Tolerance for Income Inequality in the Course of Economic Development. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 87 (4): 544–566.
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Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Urnov, M. Yu. 2012. What Is Justice? An Attempt to Analyze Mass Opinion [Chto est’ spravedlivost’? Popytka analyza massovykh predstableniy]. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’ 5: 71–88 [in Russian].
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Mareeva, S.V. (2021). Towards Greater Equality and Justice. In: Li, P., Gorshkov, M. (eds) Life Expectations of the People. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2505-3_10
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