Abstract
In this article, the ideas of statistical and neural machine translation approaches were explored. Various machine translation tools and machine translation evaluation metrics were also investigated. Nowadays, machine translation plays a key role in the society where different languages are spoken as it removes the language barrier and digital divide in the society by providing access to all information in the local language which a person can understand. There were different phases of machine translation as its evolution is concerned, and different approaches were followed in different phases some requiring an enormous amount of parallel corpus which is considered a crucial element of machine translation. In the proposed system, some of the parameters were examined to carry the analysis of several translation tools, and evaluation metrics are also available for accessing the quality of machine translation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Zafar, Interactive English to Urdu machine translation using example-based approach. 1(3), 275–282 (2009)
L.J. Schulman, Communication on noisy channel: a coding theorm for computation (IEEE Computer Society Press, 1992), pp. 724–733
D. Bahdanau, K. Cho, Y. Bengio, Neural machine translation by jointly learning to align and translate (2014), pp. 1–15
K. Cho, B. van Merrienboer, D. Bahdanau, Y. Bengio, On the properties of neural machine translation: encoder–decoder approaches (2015), pp. 103–111
P. Koehn et al., Moses: open source toolkit for statistical machine translation, in Proceedings of the 45th annual meeting of the ACL on interactive poster and demonstration sessions (2007), pp. 177–180
A. Stolcke, SRILM-an extensible language modeling toolkit, in 7th international Conference on Spoken Language Processing (2002)
P. Clarkson, R. Rosenfeld, Statistical language modeling using the CMU-Cambridge toolkit, in 5th European Conference on Speech Communication and Technology (1997)
P. Koehn, Pharaoh: a beam search decoder for phrase-based statistical machine translation models, in Conference of the Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (2004), pp. 115–124
A. Patry, F. Gotti, P. Langlais, MOOD: a modular object-oriented decoder for statistical machine translation, in LREC (2006), pp. 709–714
M. Junczys-Dowmunt et al., Marian: fast neural machine translation in c++, in Proceedings of the ACL 2018—58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations (2015), pp. 116–121
R. Sennrich et al., Nematus: a toolkit for neural machine translation, in 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics EACL 2017—Proceedings of the Software Demonstrations (2017), pp. 65–68
Q.U. Guide, Thot Toolkit for statistical machine translation (2017)
D.J. Walker, The open “ai” kitTM: general machine learning modules from statistical machine translation, in Workshop of MT Summit X, Open-Source Machine Translation (2005)
K. Heafield, KenLM: faster and smaller language model queries, in Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (2011), pp. 187–197
M. Federico, N. Bertoldi, M. Cettolo, IRSTLM: an open source toolkit for handling large scale language models, in 9th Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association (2008)
G. Klein, Y. Kim, Y. Deng, J. Senellart, A.M. Rush, Opennmt: open-source toolkit for neural machine translation. arXiv Prepr. arXiv1701.02810 (2017)
M.L. Forcada et al., Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation. Mach. Transl. 25(2), 127–144 (2011)
Z. Li et al., Joshua: an open source toolkit for parsing-based machine translation, in Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Statistical Machine Translation (2009), pp. 135–139
M. Mohanan, P. Samuel, Open NLP based refinement of software requirements. Int. J. Comput. Inf. Syst. Ind. Manag. Appl. 8, 293–300 (2016)
A.K. McCallum, Mallet: a machine learning for language toolkit (2002). http//mallet.cs.umass.edu
L. Verwimp, P. Wambacq, et al., TF-LM: tensor flow-based language modeling Toolkit (2019), pp. 2968–2973. https://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/index.html
D.O. Mart\inez, Thot Toolkit for statistical machine translation (2018)
K. Papineni, S. Roukos, T. Ward, W.-J. Zhu, BLEU: a method for automatic evaluation of machine translation, in Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (2002), pp. 311–318
Y. Zhang, S. Vogel, A. Waibel, Interpreting bleu/nist scores: how much improvement do we need to have a better system?, in LREC (2004)
M. Snover, B. Dorr, R. Schwartz, L. Micciulla, J. Makhoul, A study of translation edit rate with targeted human annotation, in Proceedings of Association for Machine Translation in the Americas, vol. 200, no. 6 (2006)
S. Banerjee, A. Lavie, METEOR: an automatic metric for MT evaluation with improved correlation with human judgments, in Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Evaluation Measures for Machine Translation and/or Summarization (2005), pp. 65–72
A. Mauser, S. Hasan, H. Ney, Automatic evaluation measures for statistical machine translation system optimization, in LREC (2008)
C.-Y. Lin, F.J. Och, Orange: a method for evaluating automatic evaluation metrics for machine translation, in COLING 2004: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (2004), pp. 501–507
Y.S. Chan, H.T. Ng, MAXSIM: a maximum similarity metric for machine translation evaluation, in Proceedings of ACL-08: HLT (2008), pp. 55–62.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Andrabi, S.A.B., Wahid, A. (2021). A Comprehensive Study of Machine Translation Tools and Evaluation Metrics. In: Suma, V., Chen, J.IZ., Baig, Z., Wang, H. (eds) Inventive Systems and Control. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 204. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_62
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1395-1_62
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-1394-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-1395-1
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)